Splitting in Personality Disorders
Splitting is often talked about in Borderline Personality Disorder, but it’s also a feature of other PDs as well.
Splitting refers to when something triggers a switch in a person with a PD’s view of something or someone. This thing or person can be anything or anyone, from loved ones to concepts to items to themselves.
Splitting is a psychological defense against contradiction: if someone is good they can’t be bad, and vice versa. For example, because of childhood abuse, a person sees their mother (their abuser) as entirely bad and their father as entirely good. This keeps them from having to realise that their father may have been complicit in their abuse as well, and that their mother had other factors in her life (usually having been abused as well) that influenced her decision to abuse.
In BPD, splitting is between seeing someone or thing as either all-good or all-bad. The classic example is splitting on a loved one, so that at one moment the borderline will see them as perfect, and after the split they see them as a waste of time.
Examples of splitting in BPD:
My relationships are safe and secure / You’re going to abandon me
I want to be part of you / I can’t stand to be close to you
You are perfect / You are worthless
I’m a good, passive person / I’m bad and too angry
In NPD, splitting happens on themselves and their self-image. They see themselves as perfect to cover up the feeling of being imperfect. When they face shame, which they are very sensitive to, they split on themselves and go into a shame/depression spiral. Or they may split on an idealised person and devalue them.
Examples of splitting in NPD:
I’m perfect / I’m worthless
You’re superior to me / I’m superior to you
I deserve everything / I deserve nothing
You admire me / You look down on me
In SZPD, schizoids split on their relationships between themselves and others. They fear becoming too close to people, so they withdraw and isolate themselves. They fear that, in becoming close, they’ll lose their autonomy and independence. But they also want close relationships, because it helps them feel more connected.
Examples of splitting in SZPD:
I have no human needs / I want to be human
I don’t need relationships / I want to feel close to someone
I am a slave to others / I am of no use to anyone
I’m isolated but in control / Others are in control of me
If I let myself be close to people I’ll lose myself / If I isolate I’ll lose the ability to connect
I haven’t been able to find anything on splitting in the other PDs, but I think it’d be very interesting to see if other PDs experience similar things too!
Borderline, Narcissistic, and Schizoid Adaptions: The Pursuit of Love, Admiration, and Safety by Elinor Greenberg (2016)
@.schizotaxic’s The Superiority Complex Defence Mechanism post