Alt text: We explore the fascinating world of vaginal health using a creative Demon Slayer analogy, explaining how lactobacillus acts as 'defenders' maintaining the delicate pH balance and why douching is harmful to the vaginal ecosystem.
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The Implication of Gender Bias and Norms on Cardiovascular Health
“You throw like a girl” and “You need to man up” are two common phrases used that emphasize how society expects men and women to act. Such phrases perpetuate stereotypes that associate masculinity with positive traits (strength, courage, etc.) and associate femininity with negative traits (openness, fragility, etc.) (Samulowitz et al., 2018). Although strides have been taken to disassociate the positive and negative connotations of masculine and feminine values, gender norms serve to regulate male dominance in society (Samulowitz et al., 2018) and influence the quality of healthcare women receive.
As strength is associated with masculinity, women are often presumed to be weak and have low pain tolerances. The gendered bias towards women has led health professionals to believe women are overreacting when in pain and therefore devalue the severity of women’s complaints (Samulowitz et al., 2018). As a result, women experience a lower urgency in a hospital setting and are 20% less likely to be treated immediately for presumed heart attack than men (Mackay, 2020).
Through gender norms, the white male body has been socially classified as the “normal” body. Therefore, most standardized symptoms and treatments are based upon the male body. Consequently, these gender norms serve to disadvantage women as they are only viewed in comparison to men, leading to misdiagnosis. (Alcalde-Rubio et al., 2020). For example, the most common symptom associated with heart attacks is chest pain; however, women often present instead with jaw or neck pain. Due to different symptom presentations, women are half as likely to be referred to a cardiologist (Clerc Liaudat et al., 2018).
In conclusion, the differential treatment of men and women in the healthcare field is not a result of biological differences but a product of gender bias and norms for which the healthcare system was formed.
P.S. Press keep reading for a full list of references!
Alcalde-Rubio, L., Hernández-Aguado, I., Parker, L. A., Bueno-Vergara, E., & Chilet-Rosell, E. (2020). Gender disparities in clinical practice: are there any solutions? Scoping review of interventions to overcome or reduce gender bias in clinical practice. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01283-4
Clerc Liaudat, C., Vaucher, P., De Francesco, T., Jaunin-Stalder, N., Herzig, L., Verdon, F., Favrat, B., Locatelli, I., & Clair, C. (2018). Sex/gender bias in the management of chest pain in ambulatory care. Women’s Health, 14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745506518805641
Mackay M., (2020). Sex disparities in acute coronary syndrome care: time to move from understanding to action. Heart,106(2), 92-93. http://doi.org /10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315887
Samulowitz, A., Gremyr, I., Eriksson, E., & Hensing, G. (2018). “Brave Men” and “Emotional Women”: A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain. Pain Research & Management. The Journal of the Canadian Pain Society, 2018, 14. http://dx.doi.org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1155/2018/6358624
What do you think of when someone says heart attack? What about heart palpitations, coronary heart disease or stroke? If you are like most of the population, odds are you did not think of women. However, cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be a leading cause of death among women in Canada, second only to cancer (Statistics Canada, 2021), and the single greatest cause of death for women in the United States (Bairey Merz et al., 2017). Despite this, most people are not aware of the implications of cardiovascular disease in women's health. For example, a study in the United States found that only 45% of women surveyed were aware of CVD being the number one killer for women (Bairey Merz et al., 2017). Obviously, there is a need for increased awareness surrounding women's health and cardiovascular disease. That’s where we come in! Women’s Vital is a blog aimed at advocating and raising awareness for women's health and its specific connection with cardiovascular disease!
Let’s begin with some quick facts about CVD in women:
Women are less likely to report symptoms associated with heart attacks, coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular pathologies (Merz et al., 2017)
Physicians are less likely to screen women for potential cardiovascular abnormalities (Bairey Merz et al., 2017) 👩🏽⚕️
Cardiovascular research in women lags behind men! This leads to poorer understandings of the unique ways CVD can present in women and its causes (Bucciarelli-Ducci, 2020) 🤕
Women are, on average, 10 years older than their male counterparts when they suffer a cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack (Stramba-Badiale, 2006) 🚩
Women are more likely to experience shortness of breath, fatigue, indigestion or nausea, back or neck pain, and chest discomfort (but not sharp pain) related to heart disease (Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada)! This is a different profile compared to men! 🙍🏼♀️
Before 1986, research in females that did not concern reproduction received little attention (Thomas & Braus, 1998). This decreased the amount of information available regarding women's health, and still contributes to the lack of awareness surrounding women's health and their risk for cardiovascular disease! Before research was done within women populations, CVD was largely regarded as more frequent in men (Thomas & Braus, 1998). However, recent knowledge has shown the opposite is true, and it is important to raise awareness surrounding the issue, with the potential to save lives!
P.S. Press keep reading for a full list of references!
References
Bairey Merz, C. N., Andersen, H., Sprague, E., Burns, A., Keida, M., Walsh, M. N., Greenberger, P., Campbell, S., Pollin, I., McCullough, C., Brown, N., Jenkins, M., Redberg, R., Johnson, P., & Robinson, B. (2017). Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding cardiovascular disease in women: The Women's Heart Alliance. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 70(2), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.024
Bucciarelli-Ducci, C., Ostenfeld, E., Baldassarre, L. A., Ferreira, V. M., Frank, L., Kallianos, K., Raman, S. V., Srichai, M. B., McAlindon, E., Mavrogeni, S., Ntusi, N. A. B., Schulz-Menger, J., Valente, A. M., & Ordovas, K. G. (2020). Cardiovascular disease in women: insights from magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 22(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-020-00666-4
Leading causes of death, total population, by age group. (2021). Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1310039401&pickMembers%5B0%5D=2.1&pickMembers%5B1%5D=3.3&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2015&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2019&referencePeriods=20150101%2C20190101
Stramba-Badiale, M., Fox, K. M., Priori, S. G., Collins, P., Daly, C., Graham Ian, Jonsson, B., Schenck-Gustafsson, K., & Tendera, M. (2006). Cardiovascular diseases in women: a statement from the policy conference of the European Society of Cardiology. European Heart Journal, 27(8), 994-1005. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi819
Thomas, J. L., & Braus, P. A. (1998). Coronary Artery Disease in Women: A Historical Perspective. Archives of Internal Medicine (1960), 158(4), 333-337. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.4.333
Women and heart disease. Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. https://www.heartandstroke.ca/en/heart-disease/what-is-heart-disease/types-of-heart-disease/women-and-heart-disease/