云南沧源岩画 Cangyuan petroglyphs of the Chinese Wa Ethnic Group, Yunnan Province, China
新疆康家石门子岩画 Kangjia Shimenzi petroglyphs, Xinjiang Hui Autonomous Prefecture, China
新疆阿勒泰岩画 Altai Petroglyphs, Xinjiang, China
江苏将军崖岩画 Jiangjunya petroglyphs, Jiangsu Province, China
福建东山岛新石器时代蛙人岩画 Dongshan Island, Fujian Province, China
内蒙古高日苏大黑山 Dahei Mountain, Inner Mongolia, China
甘肃黑山岩画 Black Mountain, Gansu Province, China
Chinese Petroglyphs are widely distributed, and rock paintings have been discovered in more than 40 counties (banners) in 12 provinces (autonomous regions) in China. From its geographical distribution, it can be divided into rock paintings in the Northern Region and rock paintings in the Southern Region.
Rock Paintings of Northern China
Distributed in Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu and Xinjiang provinces (autonomous regions).
Among them, the rock paintings in the Yinshan Mountains of Inner Mongolia, the northern Helan Mountains, the Ulanqab Plateau and other places mostly show activities such as hunting, nomadism, warfare, dance, etc., and depict objects such as domes, felt tents, wheels, vehicles, as well as gods, gods, and ancestors, sun, moon and stars, primitive digital images, as well as handprints, footprints, animal hoof prints and other images, more comprehensively reflect the economic life, religious belief, ideology, aesthetic concept and other aspects of the ancient northern hunting nomads.
There are tens of thousands of works, and it is a large-scale rock art group on the northern grasslands. The works lasted for a long time. According to the research inference, the rock paintings from the late Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age are the most, which is the heyday of the rock paintings in Inner Mongolia.
The rock paintings of Helan Mountain in Ningxia are distributed on the rocks in many mountain passes and deep areas from Shizuishan City in the north to Qingtongxia in the south. For example, the rock paintings in Helankou have strange images and different faces. They are images of gods worshipped by primitive religions, and they also reflect the customs of people’s decoration and tattooing or using masks at that time.
Xinjiang rock paintings are almost all over Xinjiang, mainly distributed in the alpine pastures, middle and low mountains, and pastures where the herdsmen pass through the Tianshan, Altai, Altun, Kunlun and Kuruk mountains, as well as some river valleys.
Carved on the rock faces of black sandstone, granite and slate, there are also a few painted petroglyphs found in the caves. The pictures include animals, hunting, grazing, dancing, vehicles and implements, original texts and family emblems.
For example, the Gangou rock paintings in Huocheng County are painted with many big horned sheep, the Hongshioquan rock paintings in Yumin County are painted with life scenes around tents in pastoral areas, the Kuluke Mountain rock paintings in Yuli County are larger in scale, and the Sangzhu Town in Pishan County The petroglyphs from the south of the Kunlun Mountain Pass to the Kashmir Mountain Pass in India are about the road sign for the herd to transfer.
Except for individual works of rock paintings found in various parts of Xinjiang, it is generally difficult to determine the age and ethnic composition of the works.
Rock Paintings of Southern China
It has been found in Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Jiangsu provinces (autonomous regions), among which the largest are rock paintings in Cangyuan, Yunnan and Zuojiang, Guangxi.
The Cangyuan rock paintings in Yunnan are located in the Awa Mountains, close to the Sino-Myanmar border. 10 sites have been discovered, with a total of more than 1,000 figures.
The rock paintings are rich in content and can show various scenes of people’s production and life at that time. For example, in the description of hunting, some hunters are accompanied by dogs, indicating that the dogs have been domesticated at that time; other cattle are lined up or dragged with ropes around their necks, which is probably a picture of grazing.
There are circle dances holding hands, hunting dances holding horns and war dances holding shields. In the picture of war, among the crowd there are people who shoot with crossbows, and others who fall to the ground and die. There is a picture of a village, which depicts the scene of a triumphant return to the village, which is about a record of a major war. The age of the rock paintings has been determined by radiocarbon dating to be about 3,000 years ago.
At the same time, many Neolithic sites have been found in the rock paintings distribution area. These facts generally prove that the rock paintings are relics of the Neolithic Age. More than 80 petroglyphs have been discovered in the Zuojiang River Basin in Guangxi.
Among them, the Huashan Cliff Murals in Ningming County are about 221 meters wide and 40 meters high. There are 1,819 recognizable images, which are the largest known rock paintings in China. Most of the pictures are figures, and they are basically a posture, with hands stretched up and feet spread down, like a dance.
The same pattern appears repeatedly, densely covering thousands of square meters of cliff face. The rock paintings here are numerous, dense and repetitive, full of primitive heroism. There are a few tall figures in the picture, wearing a ring around the waist with a sword, as the leader of the tribe; some animals (dogs), bronze drums, gongs, etc. are also painted around the figures.
Most of the rock paintings are found on the cliffs and cliffs at the bend of the river. From this position, the biggest function should be to control the water, because floods are the biggest natural disaster along the Zuojiang River. Painting to control the water shows the awakening of the ancestors to their own strength.
According to the typical artifacts (such as bronze drums) in the pictures at various locations, the age of such artifacts actually unearthed underground in Guangxi, and the radiocarbon dating of the stalactites covering the pictures, the upper limit of the age of the rock paintings is the Warring States Period, and the lower limit is the Eastern Han Dynasty, about 2000 years ago.
In December 2016, the Sichuan Provincial Institute of Archaeology discovered Shiqu rock paintings for the first time. It was preliminarily determined that its earliest age can be traced back to hundreds of BC, and then continued until around 800 AD, which is equivalent to the Warring States Period in the Central Plains to the Tang Dynasty.
The artistic style of Chinese rock paintings has many similarities and different characteristics with foreign rock paintings. In terms of production methods, it can be roughly divided into two types: engraving and painting.
Most of the northern rock paintings are carved, and there are three methods:
Grinding and engraving, the lines have no obvious depressions, and the picture is smooth and clean;
Knock and chisel, knock out many pits on the rock with hard objects;
Line engraving, like using a metal chisel to outline the outline of the image, and then dig deep lines.
The style of the work has the characteristics of rough, concise and lively. The production of southern rock paintings is mostly painted in red, and the pigments have been sampled and tested to prove that they contain a lot of iron. Color stability, long-lasting. Painted with fingers dipped in paint, some larger figures may also be painted with feathers or other tools.
The way of expression is ancient and unique. Most of the characters in the painting do not show the facial features, but only through the position of the limbs to express the movements, postures and emotions; in the paintings of animals, only the horns, tails, ears and other characteristic parts can be identified, which can be identified.
Chinese rock paintings are naive and simple in conception, reflecting some kind of naive imagination and good wishes in human childhood. The flat modeling method is adopted in the modeling. Many rock paintings are often individual images that are not related to each other. Even if they form a picture, they are often overlapped one by one, and there is no perspective relationship between near, large, far and small.
Vertical projection drawing method, the line of sight is kept perpendicular to the most characteristic surface of the object, and the frontal display of the object is pursued.When rock art is shaping plane figures, it is very good at grasping the basic shape of objects, and the structure of objects is simplified to the extent that it cannot be simplified any more.
There is no detailed description, and most of the facial features are not drawn, but these rough graphics can depict the reality of life and show the active vitality, among which animal images are particularly vivid.The feature of this primitive form of art is that the keen observation of life is integrated with the roughness of art, which may be the reason why many petroglyphs still have their vitality to this day.