Fun how the bystander effect was coined to cover up how cops are bigoted cowards who let a queer person die and Stockholm syndrome was also coined to cover that the cops handled a hostage situation so badly the hostages trusted their captors more than the cops.
Also adding that the ACTUAL proven "bystander effect" (in further studies) isn't people not wanting to be involved but any of the following and/or a combination of them.
Uncertainty (e.g. people aren't sure what is happening is dangerous/that someone's getting hurt, e.g. they think the screaming is someone's TV being too loud/the fire alarm is malfunctioning again/the person who seems barely awake is just drunk and will recover fine) and they (rightfully) don't want to waste an emergency response or risk getting involved if doing so would actually hurt/inconvenience people or make them look bad.
Belief someone else has already called for help/will help better than they can (e.g. seeing a car crash and assuming any of the other drivers nearby called emergency services, seeing a medical emergency and assuming there's a trained doctor or paramedic in the crowd and they'll step forward any minute now, waiting for someone else to act first)
Fear of consequences (e.g. being afraid the police will arrest them at an overdose/party where one has occurred, being afraid to report the fire they accidentally started until they can no longer possibly control it out of fear of being blamed, being "made an accomplice" in something like abuse or corruption or a scam etc so they're afraid reporting it will all land on them, knowing one would be the first suspect from their gender/race/class/other social status)
All of these factors can be addressed. There is no one "bystander effect," there's a plethora of reasons for noninvolvement that cluster into these general three buckets.
So what can you do personally? Not much about fear of consequences (short of say informing people of stuff like legal protections for people who call for medical help and whistleblower/labor law protections etc, and working to reduce bigotry and prejudice in general) For the others? If you're unsure whether something is an emergency/someone needs help, pay attention and act as if you may need to do something (whether make an emergency call or evacuate or whatever) until you know otherwise. Don't just go "meh, couples argue" or assume the fire alarm is a false alarm.
Never believe someone else has the situation under control/is helping unless they directly say they are. If you're not sure they are helping/know what they are doing when you know more - help them too! If you're not sure if they've called for help, make that call too. If you need help or are warning people, call out to someone specific or with a specific request ("HEY YOU IN THE GREEN SHIRT CALL 911" "GRAB THE FIRE EXTINGUISHER NOW!" "GUN! RUN!")




















