May 25, 2025
Is the sky a vast dome? The Book of Enoch and mystery schools suggest Earth is enclosed under a celestial barrier—the firmament. Discover what the ancients truly believed. Watch the full video now on YouTube 🌌
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Is the sky a vast dome? The Book of Enoch and mystery schools suggest Earth is enclosed under a celestial barrier—the firmament. Discover what the ancients truly believed. Watch the full video now on YouTube 🌌
Ancient Cosmology in the Near East
By Max und Co - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61987611
Cosmology is the study of the universe at large, the story of its beginning and the general picture of how it looks. Our modern cosmology is based on refining our observations in various wavelengths of light that our eyes can't see and studying the movements of stars and galaxies to both rewind and fast forward those movements to develop as full a story as possible. We can rewind the motions of the galaxies to mere fractions of a second after its creation and fast forward it to the end of time with relative confidence. Our picture isn't perfect and we seek to refine it so that our story matches as closely as possible to what actually happened and that our picture of the universe matches as closely as possible to reality.
By NASA and the European Space Agency. - http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1499793
Before we had the tools we have today, we relied on our senses. When people were surrounded by rivers, it's easy to understand why they would think the universe is surrounded by waters. While our ancestors were able to understand the earth was a sphere by classical antiquity, they didn't know that everything else moved. Though they could also tell the size of the earth then, too, they couldn't comprehend that the solar system, to say nothing of the universe, was so large it beggars human imagination.
So, our ancestors told stories that made sense to them, to what they could see and experience.
By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg) - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42131230
The civilizations that grew up in Mesopotamia—Sumer, Babylonia, Akkad— as well as those of the early Greeks, and Jewish people had a significant impression on those that followed in the western world. They do share a lot of similar and widely held beliefs: a flat disk-shaped earth and heaven, a primordial ocean that was separated to form the world, a place above heaven for the gods to dwell, and a netherworld below the lower waters. The heavens and earth were divided into three parts, in general, making places for the gods (upper heaven), the creator (middle heaven), the stars and planets (lower heavens), mankind (upper earth), the fallen gods (middle earth), and banished proto-gods (lower earth, similar to the Titans of Ancient Greek mythology) as well as the land of the dead. The exact makeup of the heavens and earth might vary, but the general idea of multiple heavens and earths held throughout much of the Ancient Near East. They also viewed the world as a single continent floating on a much wider ocean like a raft. Ancient Babylonian maps illustrate this for us, showing Babylon nearly in the center of the earth, allowing for the phrase 'the four quarters of the earth' to make sense and that a title of Hammurabi (𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉, reign about 1792-1750 BCE) was "King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the Four Quarters of the World." Ashurbanipal (𒀸𒋩𒆕𒀀, reign 669-631 BCE) also used this title.
Other widely held beliefs are creation from chaos, a divine creator, a cosmic battle between a protagonist and dragon or sea monster, organization of chaos, and the creation of mankind. The details might be different between cultures and might shift through time, but these features hold throughout the Mediterranean world. What is similar between them is that the world is created out of something that has always existed rather than out of nothing, then giving rise to both creator and creation, though Jewish texts have the creator separate from the eternal chaos. Many have the creation of man from the clay of the earth, some using the blood of a slain god to assist with the giving of life to man.
By Natritmeyer - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=65320896
Many of these ideas, many of which date back to the earliest writing we have access to, are carried forward over 3000 years at the time (from about 4000 BCE to around 800 BCE) to the early Greeks, the Zoroastrians (about 200 BCE), and Judaism (about 800 BCE), which carried them forward in to the medieval world, with key changes, like acknowledging the world was a sphere beginning around the 5th century BCE based on observations of eclipses and the shadows at noon in various locations on the same day, and the location of the sun while circumnavigating Africa.
By Pablo Carlos Budassi - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83582993
With the development of instruments that improved our senses and allowed us to make better observations, the idea of the earth being in a privileged placed have been left behind. We now know that the earth is a relatively small rock in space around a relatively boring star in a quiet orbit around an average galaxy in an expanding and amazing universe. While this may make us seem small, we are still a part of the universe seeking to understand itself, which is quite amazing.
"Enchanting Echoes of Mesopotamia: Unveiling Mystical Realms in Myths & Legends of Babylonia & Assyria"
Lewis Spence's "Myths & Legends of Babylonia & Assyria" transcends time, beckoning readers into the rich tapestry of ancient Mesopotamian cultures with the enchanting grace of Evelyn Paul's illustrations. Spence, a luminary in mythological studies, skillfully navigates the complexities of Babylonian and Assyrian mythologies, breathing life into forgotten gods, heroes, and cosmic sagas. The book is a mesmerizing journey through the Euphrates and Tigris valleys, where the divine and mortal coalesce in tales of creation, epic battles, and profound wisdom.
Spence's narrative prowess shines as he unravels the intricate threads of these myths, exploring the divine pantheon with scholarly precision and a storyteller's finesse. Each page is adorned with Evelyn Paul's evocative illustrations, transporting readers to the mystical landscapes of ancient cities and sacred temples. The synergy between text and art elevates the reading experience, making the myths palpable and the legends vivid.
(Image from the book: Assur-nazir-pal attended by a Winged Mythological Being.—Bas-relief from the north-western palace at Nimrûd.—Photo W. A. Mansell and Co.)
From the creation epic Enuma Elish to the heroic exploits of Gilgamesh, Spence masterfully distills the essence of each myth, offering readers a gateway to understanding the spiritual and cultural tapestry of ancient Mesopotamia. The book becomes not just a collection of stories but a portal to another era, where gods walked among mortals, and the cosmos held secrets waiting to be unveiled.
In "Myths & Legends of Babylonia & Assyria," Spence beckons readers to delve into the heart of Mesopotamian cosmology, where chaos and order dance in eternal rhythms. This captivating exploration of ancient lore is a testament to Spence's dedication to preserving the spiritual heritage of civilizations long past. As the myths unfold, readers are left with a profound sense of awe and a renewed appreciation for the enduring power of storytelling across the ages.
Lewis Spence's "Myths & Legends of Babylonia & Assyria" is available in Amazon in paperback 15.99$ and hardcover 23.99$ editions.
Number of pages: 396
Language: English
Rating: 9/10
Link of the book!
Review By: King's Cat
Cosmology
Both ancient and modern.
"Enchanting Echoes of Mesopotamia: Unveiling Mystical Realms in Myths & Legends of Babylonia & Assyria"
Lewis Spence's "Myths & Legends of Babylonia & Assyria" transcends time, beckoning readers into the rich tapestry of ancient Mesopotamian cultures with the enchanting grace of Evelyn Paul's illustrations. Spence, a luminary in mythological studies, skillfully navigates the complexities of Babylonian and Assyrian mythologies, breathing life into forgotten gods, heroes, and cosmic sagas. The book is a mesmerizing journey through the Euphrates and Tigris valleys, where the divine and mortal coalesce in tales of creation, epic battles, and profound wisdom.
Spence's narrative prowess shines as he unravels the intricate threads of these myths, exploring the divine pantheon with scholarly precision and a storyteller's finesse. Each page is adorned with Evelyn Paul's evocative illustrations, transporting readers to the mystical landscapes of ancient cities and sacred temples. The synergy between text and art elevates the reading experience, making the myths palpable and the legends vivid.
(Image from the book: Assur-nazir-pal attended by a Winged Mythological Being.—Bas-relief from the north-western palace at Nimrûd.—Photo W. A. Mansell and Co.)
From the creation epic Enuma Elish to the heroic exploits of Gilgamesh, Spence masterfully distills the essence of each myth, offering readers a gateway to understanding the spiritual and cultural tapestry of ancient Mesopotamia. The book becomes not just a collection of stories but a portal to another era, where gods walked among mortals, and the cosmos held secrets waiting to be unveiled.
In "Myths & Legends of Babylonia & Assyria," Spence beckons readers to delve into the heart of Mesopotamian cosmology, where chaos and order dance in eternal rhythms. This captivating exploration of ancient lore is a testament to Spence's dedication to preserving the spiritual heritage of civilizations long past. As the myths unfold, readers are left with a profound sense of awe and a renewed appreciation for the enduring power of storytelling across the ages.
Lewis Spence's "Myths & Legends of Babylonia & Assyria" is available in Amazon in paperback 15.99$ and hardcover 23.99$ editions.
Number of pages: 396
Language: English
Rating: 9/10
Link of the book!
Review By: King's Cat
Nailed it.
Enslaved to the Elements
By Cliff Potts, CSO & Editor-in-Chief, WPS.NewsMay 10, 2026 Why This Word Still Makes People Nervous There are phrases in Paul’s letters that modern Christianity handles the way museums handle human remains: carefully, quietly, and preferably out of sight. One of them is Paul’s warning that the Galatians were once “enslaved to the stoicheia of the world”—usually translated as “elemental…
The Greek Titan Prometheus embodies Aquarius’ radical gift: divine power used not for power, but for the future of all 🔥 Explore the mythic roots of rebellion, innovation, & collective awakening with these archetypes ⚡ #onescence #yourascensionconnection #aquarius #prometheus #collectiveevolution
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