All about Japanese Particles The function of Japanese particles Japanese particles are small words that indicate relations of words within a sentence. They follow other words such as nouns, verbs, âŠ
List of 188 Japanese particles with meaning / usage
㯠(wa)Indicantes the topic of a sentence
ă (ka)At the end of a sentence indicating a question
ă (ga)Indicates the subject of a sentence
ă« (ni)Indicates a location
ăź (no)Indicates possession
㯠(wa)Indicates a contrast between 2 items
ă« (ni)Indicates time or frequency
ăž (e)Indicates direction
ă (wo/o)Indicates the direct object of a verb
ăš (to)Used to connect and list up multiple items
ă (ya)Used to connect and partially list up multiple items
ăȘă© (nado)Used with ă (ya) to partially list up multiple items
ă (mo)means âtooâ, âeitherâ, âalsoâ
ă (mo)bothâŠandâŠ, neitherâŠnorâŠ
ă« (ni)Indicates the indirect object of a verb
ă« (ni)Indicates the surface of a object where some action takes place
ă§ (de)Indicates the location of an action
ăź (no)Indicates an apposition
ăă (kara)Indicates a starting point in time or place
ăă (yori)Indicates a starting point in time or place but more formal than kara (20)
ăŸă§ (made)Indicates a limit on time, space or quantity
ăăă (kurai)Indicates an approximate amount
ă»ă© (hodo)Indicates an approximate amount
ă°ăă(bakari)Indicates an approximate amount
ă§ (de)Indicates a means or material
ă (ka)Indicates a choice or alternative
ă (wo/o)Indicates a point of departure
ă (wo/o)Indicates a route of a movement/motion
ă« (ni)Indicates a point of arrival
ă« (ni)Indicates an entering motion
ă« (ni)Used together with a verb to express a purpose
ăš (to)Used when quoting someone
ăš ăă (to iu)Indicates the name of something
ăšă (toka)âsomething likeâ
ă§ (de)Indicates a limit or scope
ăš (to)Indicates a comparison
ăă (yori)Indicates a comparison
ăă (yori)Indicates superlative
ăăă (kurai)Indicates a comparison
ă»ă© (hodo)Indicates a comparison in a negative sentence
ă (ka)someone, something
ă (mo)ânothingâ, nobodyâ, nowhereâ if used with an interrogative word
ă« (ni)Used with a verb to indicate a change or choice
ăăă (wo/o suru)Expresses an occupation or position
ă§ă (demo)Indicates emphasis
ă§ă (demo)Together with an interrogative word it means âanythingâ, âanyoneâ, any timeâ
ă§ (de)Indicates a cause or a reason
ăă (kara)Indicates a source such as a giver, a cause or material
ă« (ni)Indicates a person who gives something or who provides a service
㯠(wa) + ă (ga)Indicates the relation between an object / subjects and a verb or adjective
ă (ga)Connects two sentences with the meaning âbutâŠâ
ă (wo/o)Used with an verb expressing emotions, it indicates the cause of this emotion
ă§ (de)Indicates a state / condition of something
ă ă (dake)Indicates a limit on things or amounts
ă ă (dake)Indicates a limit on an action or state
ă§ (de)Indicates the time of completion or expiration of something
ă§ă (demo)Following a noun, means âor something like thisâ
ă (mo)Emphasizes in a positive or negative way
ă§ă (demo)Indicates two or more items as an example of a larger list
ă°ăă (bakari)Indicates that an item, state or action is a single one
ă°ăă (bakari)Indicates an action was just completed
ăšăă (tokoro)Indicates that an action takes place, just took place or is about to take place
ă (ga)Indicates the subject of subordinate clause when it is different from the subject of the main clause
ăă (kara)conjunction meaning âafterâ or âsinceâ
ăȘăă (nagara)Indicates that an action is happening simultaneously
ă (ga)Indicates the subject of a relative clause
ăź (no)Indicates the subject of a relative clause
ăă (kara)Used as a conjunction and indicates a cause or reason
ăźă§ (node)Indicates a strong reason
ăź (no)Indicates a modified pronoun
ăź (no)Used to nominalize verbs & sentences
ăȘă (nara)Used as a conjunction and indicates a supposition or condition
ăȘă (nara)Indicates a topics and is used as an alternative to wa (No.1)
ăš (to)Indicates a condition that results in an inevitable outcome
ă° (ba)Used as a conjunction to express a probable results
ă°ăă (ba)âall you have to doâŠâ
ă° (ba)Used to enumerate two or more actions or states
ăă (tara)Used as a conjunction, indicates a supposition or condition
ăă (tara)Used as a conjunction to indicate that one action takes place before the action described in the main sentence
ăšăă (tokoro)Used as a conjunction to indicate a condition that brings about a discovery
ăŠă (temo)a conjunction meaning âeven ifâ
ăŠă (temo)Used with a set of contrasting verbs and adjectives
ăŠă (temo)Together with an interrogative word it means âno matter what/where/whoâ
ăŠăŻ (tewa)Indicates a condition which will bring a negative conclusion
ăźăż (nomi)Indicates a limit (similar to ă ăădake)
ăŸă§ (made)âevenâ, used to emphasize
ăă (sae)âevenâ, used to emphasize
ăă (sae)âif onlyâ or âas long asâ
ăźă« (noni)âalthoughâ, âin spite of the fact thatâ
ăȘăă (nagara)âalthoughâ, âthoughâ, âbutâ
ăšă (toka)Indicates that a list of two ore more things or actions is not exhaustive
ăă (tari)List of two or more actions in no particular sequence
ăă (tari)Indicates actions or states that alternate
ăźă« (noni)Indicates a purpose or function
ăźă§ă (no desu)Asks for an explanation or reason
ăă (kiri)Indicates a limit to an amount
ăă (kiri)Indicates the last time a certain incident occured
ăšă (tomo)Used with numbers and counters to mean âbothâ or âallâ
ăȘăă (nagara)Used with numbers and counters to mean âbothâ or âallâ
ăă (shika)Used with a negative verb to indicate limits on conditions or quantities meaning âonlyâ
ăăăȘă (shika nai)used with a verb meaning âto have no choice but toâ
ă (shi)Used as a conjunction, indicating two or more actions or states
ă (shi)Used as a conjunction indicating a reason
ăšă (tomo)Indicates inclusion
ă« (ni)Indicates the one acting or the one acted upon
ă (ka)Indicates uncertainty about something
ă (ka)Indicates uncertainty about a state or reason
ă ăź (dano) Indicates two or more items or actions of a longer list (similar to toka ăšă)
ă ăź (dano)Indicates a pair of opposite actions or states
ăȘă© (nado)âsomething to the effectâ
ăă (yara)Indicates two or more items of a longer list
ăă (yara)Indicates uncertainty
ăŠă (temo)Indicates an approximate limit with the meaning of âat the mostâ
ăšă (tomo)Indicates an approximate maximum or minimum
㯠(wa)Indicates that a number is the higher or lowest limit
ăš (to)Emphasizes a number in a negative sentence
ăȘă© (nado)Indicates examples
ăăă (kurai)Expresses an extent of an action or condition similar to ăăă gurai
ă»ă© (hodo)Indicates the extend of an action or condition
ă»ă© (hodo)âthe more⊠the moreâŠâ
ă ă (dake)âas⊠asâŠâ
ă ă (dake)âthe more⊠the moreâŠâ
ăš (to)âabout to do somethingâ, âtrying to do somethingâ
ăš (to)âeven ifâŠâ, âwhether⊠or notâ
ăȘă (nari)âeitherâŠâ, âwhetherâŠorâ
ăȘă (nari)âanythingâ, âanyoneâ, âany timeâ
ăă (koso)Emphasizes the word preceding it
ăă (koso)Emphasizes a reason or a cause
ăŠăŻ (tewa)Expresses repetition of an action
ă« (ni)Joins two or more nouns to indicate a list of items
ă« (ni)Connects two or more items to indicate a matching or a contrast
ă«ăăŠăŻ (ni shite wa)Indicates a generally agreed upon standard
ă«ăšăŁăŠ (ni totte)Indicates an effect or value of a person or thing
ă«ă€ă㊠(ni tsuite)âaboutâ, âconcerningâ something or someone
ăšăâŠăšă (tomo⊠tomo)âcanât say whether⊠orâŠâ
ă (ga)âeven ifâ, âwhether⊠or notâ
㯠(wa)Emphasizes contrasting elements
ăšă㊠(toshite)Indicates status, capacity or function
ăšă㊠(toshite)Provides emphasis in a negative sentence
ă°ăăă§ăȘă(bakari de naku)ânot only⊠but alsoâ
ă ă (dake) used to express ânot onlyâŠbut alsoâ
ăźăż (nomi)used to express ânot onlyâŠbut alsoâ
ăȘă (nari)âas soon asâ
146ăăŻăăă (ga hayai ka)âas soon asâ
ăăăȘă (ya ina ya)âas soon asâ
ăăȘăăăĄă« (ka nai uchi ni)âno sooner hadâ, âhardly hadâ
ă°ăă (bakari)Indicates the only action left to do
ă°ăăă« (bakari ni)Emphasizes a reason or cause
ăă (sura)Emphasizes in the meaning of âevenâ
ăȘă© (nado)Expresses a humble attitude towards an item
ăšă (tomo)âno matter whatâ, âeven ifâ
ăšăăăăăČăš (tomo aroo hito)To express that someone did something not to be expected
ă©ăăă (dokoro ka)âfar fromâ, ânot to mentionâ
ă ăă« (dake ni)Indicates a cause or reason
ăŸă§ăăȘă (made mo nai)âthere is no need toâŠâ
ăăźăź (mono no)âbutâ or âalthoughâ
ăšăăă§ (tokoro de)âeven ifâ
ăăă©ă (keredomo)Connects 2 sentences meaning âbutâ or âalthoughâ
ăăă©ă (keredomo)Indicates a preliminary remark
ă (ga)Used to soften a statement or refusal
ăăă©ă (keredomo)Indicates a desire
ă (ne)At the end of a sentence to confirm a statement
ă (ne)At the end of a sentence to soften a request or suggestion
ă (ne)At the end of a sentence to indicate a reason or cause
ăă (nee)At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion
ă (yo)At the end of a sentence to state a strong conviction
ă (yo)At the end of a sentence to articulate a request or suggestion
ăăă (kashira)At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by women
ăăȘ (kana)At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by men
ăȘ (na)At the end of a sentence and used by men to confirm a statement
ăȘ (na)At the end of a sentence to express a prohibition, used by men
ăȘă (naa)At the end of a sentence to express emotion, used by men
ăȘă (naa)At the end of a sentence to express a desire
ăź (no)At the end of a sentence to express a question or soften a command, used by women
ă (wa)At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, used by women
ă (sa)At the end of a sentence to indicate slight emphasis, used by men
ăăš (koto)At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion, used by women
ăăš (koto)At the end of a sentence to express a suggestion or invitation, used by women
ăăź (mono)At the end of a sentence to express a reason or excuse
ăšă (tomo)At the end of a sentence to express an assertion
ăăźă (monoka)At the end of a sentence to express a negative determination, used by men
ă (ya)At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, request or suggestion, used by men
ăă (tara)At the end of a sentence to indicate a suggestion or proposal
ăă (yara)At the end of a sentence to indicate a rhetorical question with a negative implication
ă (ze)At the end of a sentence to add for to sentence, used by men
ă (zo)At the end of a sentence to add force to a sentence or to express a question to oneself