i’ve been thinking recently about linguistics in westeros, because there’s no way that a continent Like That TM politically is a linguistic monolith
and here’s some thing that i’ve decided. there are five primary languages spoken in westeros: the language of the north, the language of the iron islands, the language of the andals, high valyrian, and the language of dorne.
1. the language of the andals is known as andese by native speakers. in the north it is known as “the tongue of the andals”. in the iron islands it’s known as “greenland speak”, in high valaryian it’s known as “westerosan”, and in dorne it’s known as andan. while there are different dialects spoken in the westerlands, the riverlands, the vale, the westerlands, and the edges of the crownlands, they ARE all the same tongue. they understand each other well, even though they all have different accents and have bits that descend from slightly different languages and different experiences.
this is the most widely spoken language in the seven kingdoms, and high born children from other areas of the country are expected to learn to speak this for interactions with the other regions. at the edges of other areas where they speak other languages, there is heavy influence from these languages on the native speakers of andese and andese has influenced the other speakers in turn.
ned had been learning andese for most of his life as a son of house stark, but his andese didn’t get really GOOD until he moved to the vale and had to speak it all the time. he taught robert some first, though, and robert was most interested in learning how to say all the curse words and also nice compliments that lyanna would like
2. high valaryian is spoken as the primary language by the targaryens, other houses of valaryian descent like the velaryons, and most of the crownlands. it’s known as high valaryian in most areas, except in he north it’s called the tongue of the conquerors and in the iron islands it’s called dragon speak. the targaryens demanded their language be used for royal documents and interactions, so at least all children of the lords paramont learn to read and speak a pasfsable amount of high valaryian in their lessons. the smallfolk in king’s landing and many other parts of the crownlands speak a variant of high valaryian. it is the third most widely spoken language in the seven kingdoms, solely because of how many nobles and learned people learn it for professional reasons.
after robert’s rebellion, he does away with the requirement that royal business be conducted in high valaryian. many lower houses not planning to marry into or do business with houses in the crownlands that do not speak high valaryian stop teaching it to their children.
3. the language of the north is the fourth most spoken language in the seven kingdoms. it’s known as the first tongue or first in the north, “northese” in andese and high valaryian, north speak in the iron islands, and northan in dorne. most northerners, even nobility, only speak this language. the starks have learned to speak andese and high valaryian since the days when they bent the knee, as do house bolton, who are always ready to steal the north away from them and refuse to be bested, and the manderlys, who are required to speak those and dornish for trade reasons.
the northerners are proud of their heritage and their language, so few of their isolationist sect see the need to learn another tongue. there are three primary variants
a. free first or wildling first- the dialect of the free folk
b. true first- the dialect spoken from directly south of the wall to moat cailin. there are variations across this dialect because it covers the most area, but it’s not something that most people would pick up on.
c. southern first- the dialect spoken south of moat cailin into the neck and by the blackwoods in the riverlands.
this language is almost the only one spoken in the north, but it’s spoken VERY rarely outside of the north. as the starks and other noble houses looking to do business with the south learn andese, most noble houses in the south view learning northese to be an expense and hardship that’s not worth the trouble.
it was difficult to find catelyn tully a northese tutor upon her betrothal to brandon stark until they thought to speak to the blackwoods and ask them. it also made it a little difficult for catelyn once she DID start speaking to her northern future good family, since southern first is quite different from true first. after she and ned wed, they find themselves flitting between andese and first, as ned is fluent in andese but catelyn values her husband’s language and being able to communicate properly with her court. once she gets true first down properly, the northerners come to respect her as more than just a southron bride.
sansa, sadly, does not keep up her first as a child. she and her siblings are brought up speaking both, and sansa does not see the need for “northese” as all of her family speaks andese as well and she plans to be a SOUTHERN lady. she has some first, of course, but she doesn’t speak it as well as her siblings and she doesn’t care to. she even speaks andese with her friends jeyne and such because they all want to be proper southern ladies and sansa is happy to help them get down the language.
when she goes down south and starts to loose her connection to her family and winterfell, she starts to lose her first because no one she’s around speaks it or allows her to either. it’s not gone, but it’s fading, and she hates herself for letting it slip.
daenerys targaryen picked up a little bit from jorah mormont before sending him away. daenerys is a polyglot, btw. she speaks high valaryian, andese, meereenese, dothraki, and bits of first and dornan.
4. the language of the iron islands is known primarily, as islandese in andese and high valaryian, though pirate talk is a common way to refer to it. in dornish, it’s known as the raiding language. in the iron islands, their tongue is called “iron speak”.
this is the least widely spoken language in the country because the iron islanders are even more isolationist than the northerners. only those who plan to do business learn iron speak outside of the iron born and those taken in iron born raids who are forced to learn. the population with the highest percentage of speakers outside of the islands is sailors, followed by merchants, followed by neighboring nobillity, who traditionally speak a little to at least tell the ironborn to fuck off in their native tongue.
it is the least respected language in westeros because the iron born are the least respected ethnic group. it’s seen as a simple, stupid language that always sounds like shouting. it’s not, of course, and it doesn’t, but try telling anyone in the greenlands that.
as a boy, theon greyjoy did not speak any languages other than iron speak. his father is a nationalist isolationist, so even though most greyjoys in the past learned andase, at least, he taught his children no andase, high valaryian, or first. when theon is taken hostage he’s a scared child who can’t speak to anyone and can’t understand what anyone is saying.
little robb stark grabs him by the hand and takes him all around the castle for days on end, telling him what everything is called and being soft and sweet and trying to help him learn his new words. ned tries to find him a first tutor who speaks iron speak, but. that’s nearly impossible. none of his bannermen can find anyone, and hoster tully can’t find anyone. by the time he gets in contact with a maester at the citadel who basically has a ph d. in iron speak, robb’s taught theon more than enough to get by. ned gives up on that and puts the boy in lessons and doesn’t give another thought to his mother tongue.
maesters learn a lot of languages, but very VERY few learn iron speak. it’s considered crude and unhelpful. maesters are more likely to learn an essosi language than iron speak.
theon keeps most of his mother tongue, for a while. he teaches robb words and gets him talking enough in it that it doesn’t all slip away, but ned and catelyn glare holes in the back of his head whenever they see him teaching robb and speaking to robb, so he eventually stops.
by the time that he goes home, his speech is choppy and awkward and it gives his father and sister even more ammo when they call him a greenlander.
5. the language of dorne is the second most widely spoken language in the realm because dorne is a populated region and all nobles in the reach learn it and most high nobles in the rest of andese speaking westeros do. it’s called dornish everywhere but in dorne, where it’s called the dornan. modern dornish is an amalgamation of the language spoken by the original dornish and the language spoken by nymeria and her people. there are three primary variants
1. nymerian, the variant spoken in and around sunspear. this is the version of dornan that was most heavily influenced by nymeria and her people, since they settled in sunspear and became the martells. it is the most drastically different from the rest of the dialects and also the version that nobles learn outside of dorne.
2. true dornan, the variant spoken north of sunspear and south of the border. it’s the most widely spoken variant and considered to be “true” because it has the least outside influences. in many ways, it is the original dornish spoken before nymeria’s conquest. it picked up bits and pieces from nymeria’s language, but it’s far closer to the original variant than either of the other two dialects.
3. reach dornan, this is the variant spoken by the dornish who live closest to the border with the reach and some smallfolk on the reach side that have intermarried for generations in the south. it has heavy influence from andese and is considered “common” by most westerosi on both sides of the border, since only minor dornish houses and smallfolk speak it.
the dornish are very proud of their language. while andese and first share an alphabet, dornish does not. it is considered a difficult language to master for speakers of all other tongues in westeros because the grammar is different and a few other quirks. dornan, as a language, has a romantic and sexual connotation in the rest of dorne, just as much of dornish culture does.
i just sat down for a whole hour to write this meta please please please enjoy it