So. I understand the body produces the enzyme, lactase, to help break down milk sugars. I also understand that people who are lactose intolerant don't produce/produce enough of this enzyme to comfortably consume many milk products. What I don't know is if there's a limit on how much lactose an average person with average lactose tolerance can intake in, say, an hour. Like the whole milk chugging challenge from the 90's? I distinctly remember reading that the reason people couldn't consume the entire gallon was because of the lactose, not the volume. Yet I can't find anything like that posted anywhere now.
Am I remembering this incorrectly? I mean, can my average character produce enough lactase to eat a metric ton of ice cream in one sitting? I imagine they would have some amount of gastric distress from reflux alone... but what about lactase?
(I realize this question is all kinds of jumbled. I hope you understand what I'm asking. 😭)
So first I would say it is unlikely that throwing up after doing the milk challenge had anything to do with lactase.
Lactase is expressed in the small intestine, not the stomach, which means that the main effect of consuming lactose with inadequate lactase would be gas and diarrhea, not vomiting. The vomiting was because of the volume and fat/protein content of the milk, not the lactose.
About 70% of adults do not produce enough lactase to consume normal dairy comfortably. HOWEVER, we have another way of consuming delicious lactose- bacteria in our colon.
Colonic gut bacteria can also break down lactose. While the amount of lactase we produce remains consistent no matter what, the amounts of these lactose-consuming bacteria change with the amount of lactose we consistently eat. This means we can functionally "train" for lactose consumption by eating progressively more of it over time.
If your character had "trained" for this lactose-consuming feat, and ate slowly enough that their stomach never over-filled, then sure, they could eat as much ice cream as they wanted without ill effect.