How Hard Is Too Hard? - Balancing encounters in D&D 5E
Hullo, gentle readers! Our Question from a Denizen this week comes from gerrithemouse. Gerri says, “Hello, mate! I stumbled across your blog at the perfect time!! I’m trying to start a campaign with my friend group and your blog has some great DM advice! One thing I couldn’t find, though, is advice on building an encounter. Obviously everyone will be starting at level 1, but I don’t really know what types of enemies to use or how to balance combat with 4 ish players. Any tips? :D”
So first off, glad you found us at the right time. The good news is that there’s plenty of advice to be had on creating encounters.
Your first stop should be the Dungeon Master’s Guide, which has a big section in Chapter Three called “Creating Encounters”. In there, you will find the mathematical formula for balancing a group encounter. Since it’s based on 3-5 player characters, your group of 4 should be perfect for using the math in there.
The rough idea is that you have a budget of XPs for any given encounter based on the level of the characters. At level 1, with four players, an Easy encounter should be worth about 100 XP, a Medium encounter should be worth about 200 XP, a Hard encounter should be worth about 300 XP, and a Deadly encounter should be worth about 400 XP.
Now, this seems like it should be easy. Just figure out how many XPs you want to throw at a party, put together monsters worth that many XPs, and then you’re good, right? Well, no…because this method also takes into account the fact that multiple monsters put together are more dangerous than a single monster. Frankly, it’s a bit convoluted, and I don’t want to just regurgitate what’s already there for you to read. If you don’t have the DMG (and you really should), the same info can be found in the Basic Rules. Make sure you specifically look at the game’s definitions of those four difficulty levels of encounters and the idea of what the PCs can handle on a daily basis.
If you’re like me, and that kind of math starts to give you the heebee-jeebies, you’ll be glad to know that someone’s already done the math for you and made a super-helpful website to take the anguish out of it. I can strongly recommend Kobold Fight Club, found at https://kobold.club. It lets you plug in number and level of player characters, then add monsters to build an encounter. If you’re using monsters not in the Fight Club’s database, just plug in other critters of a similar Challenge Rating to get the website’s advice on difficulty.
Note that this isn’t a perfect method, and there’s an alternative method in Xanathar’s Guide to Everything that I like as well…but I won’t talk about that here, because that’s not part of the basic rules. Also, bear in mind the warning about pitting monsters over your player characters’ levels against them. Some of those Challenge Ratings are put there to warn you not to put that monster against characters under its level. As the DMG warns, even though an ogre is only Challenge Rating 2, it can outright kill a level 1 wizard with a single blow. Look those things over when you’re thinking you want to throw an especially powerful monster against your PCs.
I hope this advice helps, Gerri. I also strongly recommend reading the advice in the DMG that leads up to the math part, because it has really good story-based advice for encounter building that I haven’t even touched on here.