Jun 19
I had to fix my favourite necklace with nail glue because I clutched it so tight while muttering the lord's prayer before my mock exam that it snapped. I'm an atheist. The necklace is a robot.
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I had to fix my favourite necklace with nail glue because I clutched it so tight while muttering the lord's prayer before my mock exam that it snapped. I'm an atheist. The necklace is a robot.
6.5 hours of revision today babeyyyy!! Tho it's lowk quantity over quality cuz I mostly did a buncha passive reading + relistening to my note recordings 😔 I did do a lot of blurting n did a past paper tho!!
There's so many darn topics in psychology and since I have it as my first exam THIS WEEK I've been prioritising it 😭 I need to stop neglecting sociology n english lit or else they're gonna be my downfall. It's just that psychology is also much more...organised? Like the topics r clear cut from each other whereas in sociology everything links together more n english is...annoying to revise for (like do i learn quotes? Do essay plans? Too many options)
But anyways. Here's my revision plan:
🎧 222 - Kyle Lux
03/02/23
Had my last mock exam today!! I am freeeee (for like a week then I have gotta start planning my revsion for my real exam)
After Monday I had three more exams, Maths paper 3 and Physics paper 2 and 3
Maths paper 3: I answered most of the questions and excpet from the last question and part c and d of another question I knew what I was doing for the most part. I even did 2 of the question prior as part of my revision. 6/10
Physics paper 2: What a horrid paper. The last page had questions on topics we havent even covered yet and I ran out of time and wasnt able to finish most of the questions 1/10
Physics paper 3: If paper 2 was horrid this was a atrocious. For the astrophysics half, I thought i knew the content and how to answer some of the questions but I guess not. The practical skills half was worse, I didnt known what I was doing and just attempted to write an answer for most questions. It didnt help that the room was really warm and the person next to me kept snufgiling. I felt so overwhelmed. -10/10
wednesday 8th january | 19:16 | 8/100 days of productivity
I have my first A level mock tomrorow!! it’s my pure and statistics paper so I’m a bit scared, stats is my weakest topic in maths and also A2 pure is really hard, but I hope it goes well. here are some trig identities that I was writing out in hopes of memorising them for tomorrow lol
on friday I have chemistry paper 1 (physical and inorganic) and a pure + mechanics paper for maths!! feeling queasy about chemistry tbh. if I don’t get an A my teachers will actually be so disapointed but I’ve done like no work... we’ll see, but I hope it goes well lol
wish me luck
xoxo
Validity and reliability of diagnosis
Intro
validity of a diagnosis is whether the diagnosis is correct and leads to a successful treatment.
reliability of a diagnosis is whether two or more psychiatrists using the same classification system make the same diagnosis.
if a diagnosis is not reliable it cannot be valid.
Rosenhan - 4 points
Rosenhan had a group of students play the role of confederates, going into different psychiatric hospitals and claiming that they heard a voice saying, “One, two, three, thud.” once admitted they immediately stopped saying that they had symptoms, but were still kept in hospital. Once released, they were diagnosed with schizophrenia in remission. The study claimed to show that the doctors did not make a valid diagnosis – and argued that the validity of diagnosis is problematic at best.
1st point - researcher bias
Rosenhan argues that the nurses noted that the pseudopatients took extensive notes. He says that this was “seen as an aspect of their pathological behaviour.” However, the nurses’ notes simply said: “engages in writing behaviour.” The fact that Rosenhan reads so much into the nurse's notes is an example of researcher bias. The behaviours of the staff were recorded by the “patients” themselves. They wrote about how their behaviours were perceived by the hospital staff. It is impossible for anyone to corroborate or refute this account of how the pseudopatients were treated by the staff. The study suffers from researcher bias, where those that were being observed assumed the intentions of the nurses on staff. This makes it less valid as the opinions of those researching can affect the findings meaning it isn't completely reflective of real life and only of the beliefs of rosenhan and the pseudopatients. This in turn makes it unreliable as with each researcher the findings will alter as their opinions will differ from the next.
Point 2 - deception
However, this study has been challenged. First, the study was based on deception. One of the difficulties of making a valid diagnosis is that psychiatrists are dependent on self-reported symptoms. In this case, the “patients” lied about their symptoms. As patients cannot be tested for auditory hallucinations, it is not possible to verify their symptoms. This trust between a doctor and a patient is key to a valid diagnosis.
Point 3 - symptoms
disorders are “clusters of symptoms” and many symptoms are representative of several different disorders. This also influences the validity of diagnosis. In this case, the study is old and based on the DSM III. At that time, auditory hallucinations were considered to be a sign of schizophrenia. Today, no single symptom would be used to make a diagnosis. A problem, however, is that there are no blood tests that can be given to test for the disorder, although it is possible that in the future genetic testing may make diagnosis both more valid and reliable.
Lipton & Simon (1985)
. The researchers randomly selected 131 patients in a hospital in New York. All of the patients had been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Seven clinical experts at the Manhattan Psychiatric Center reevaluated the selected patients and their diagnosis was then compared with the original diagnosis. Of the original 89 diagnoses of schizophrenia, only 16 received the same diagnosis on re-evaluation; 50 were diagnosed with a mood disorder, even though only 15 had been diagnosed with such a disorder initially. Such results indicate that the same symptoms may not necessarily lead to the same diagnosis by a different psychiatrist. This study demonstrates the importance of having more than one professional give a diagnosis.
One of the limitations of the Lipton & Simon study was that patients were already undergoing treatment. This may have led to changes in symptoms and could be one reason for the different diagnoses. Studying the reliability of diagnosis in a naturalistic setting presents such problems, and this could be a reason for why less ecologically valid approaches are often used.
Lobbestael, Leurgans & Arntz (2011)
investigated the reliability of diagnosis using the DSM IV with a sample of 151 participants, consisting of both patients and non-patients. The original clinical interviews, often lasting up to two hours, were audio-taped. The interviews were then assessed by a second psychiatrist who did not know the diagnosis made by the first psychiatrist.
-The results showed that generally there was higher reliability for personality disorders over other disorders. There was a 71 per cent rate of reliability in the diagnosis of major depression, whereas there was an 84 per cent rate of reliability of personality disorders. The high rate of consistency in diagnosis indicates that a diagnostic manual like the DSM IV, in this case, ensures that clinicians are more in agreement on a diagnosis. But even if the diagnosis is reliable, that does not necessarily mean that it is valid.
-A strength of this study is that the researchers used a single-blind procedure - the second psychiatrist did not know the diagnosis made by the first psychiatrist. Also, by using only audiotapes, non-verbal behaviour or the appearance of the patient did not affect the diagnosis process. However, this can also be seen as a limitation. It is difficult to know the extent to which non-verbal behaviour may have played a role in the first diagnosis. Therefore, the second diagnosis may be too controlled and could have missed important non-verbal data which may have changed the diagnosis.
-Even though psychiatrists use the same diagnostic tools, they may come up with a different diagnosis. One of the questions that need to be answered is – is it the diagnostic tool itself that is the problem? Or are there also other factors that may affect how a psychiatrist makes a diagnosis?
Authors note: we back and at it again bois, with it being mock season and final exams just around the corner here is some juicy final year psychology abnormal essays, good luck kids and stay tuned for some funky essays!
05.01.20
This first week back is going to be! So! Fun! :)
12/06/2017 :: Chains of analysis and evaluating economic theory.
Hi! Firstly I love you and your studyblr. You are a life saver muah 💋. Ok so HELP ME! I have my mocks right around the corner and i haven't done anything and i still don't feel motivated. I don't wanna fail. I have to complete a lot of stuff so how do i do that quickly. Any tips?🙃😶❤️
Thank you so much for the compliments! You have no idea how happy you’ve made me now! As stupid as I am i had to google what mocks are (I’m ashamed of myself ehh), so I’m not a pro but I’ll try to give some advice:
active learning
For god’s sake please don’t just skim through the textbooks over and over again, it’s ridiculous and time-consuming. In the end the information won’t even stick to your brain, so don’t passively read and highlight, you are just wasting your time. Instead opt for active learning methods:
read and make your own notesps. don’t just write down exactly like they are written in the textbooks, formulate them with your own words, and make them as compact as possible
research on the topics online; google is truly my bff if i want to go in-depth/don’t understand a topic
watch documentaries and youtube videos!! seriously the videos give you so much more simplified information in a short time!!
discuss the topics with your friends or mutuals who also are studying for mocks!
prioritise
Don’t study too much on your stronger areas, again you’re just wasting your time doing so. Focus on your weaker areas like e.g. math, chemistry, english lit(seems to be the subjects people have the most troubles with?).
I would also suggest your to learn the basics properly first! Like why would you proceed to more complicated topics and manage them if you don’t handle the basics? I mean you’d be just wasting your time once again.
time management
Make a schedule for your studying! Collect all your study materials and try to calculate how much time you have left for your exams, choose the subjects you are going to focus more on and plan your times until the D-day. But please don’t be too optimistic and think you can handle studying 6 chapters of math and 5 chapters of chemistry in one day, that’s unrealistic.
Also don’t think you can study 4 hours in one sitting and actually learn something, the information won’t “stick” you know? Maybe study for 30 minutes and then quickly revise for 5 minutes and go to the bathroom or down to the kitchen to fetch something to snack on! Repeat this maybe 3-4 times and take a long break where you meet friends or do something fun. Later that day you can study again but maybe not for so long as earlier!
Studying is important but don’t forget to live your life too!
studying shouldn’t be taking over your life
“Grades are important” “My parents are going to kill me””I’m such a failure”Education is important, i agree, but unfortunately many students are studying under pressure. They have parents who demand good grades and want their children to study in a overly fancy university, or they are the students themselves who are the ones who except too much. An A and an A* would be amazing to get but for fuck’s sake B’s and C’s are good too. You shouldn’t be studying 24/7, even though the mocks are around the corner. Sleep, eat healthily, read books, spend a night watching Netflix even tho the books are waiting for you, exercise, do something stupid, procrastinate; don’t try to be an over achiever, be a human.Eve Bennett has amazing tips for taking and studying for exams on her revision channelI’ve hear great things about Christopher Thornton who explain’s common topics on his youtube channelThere a plenty of videos on youtube, just google a subject and insert “revision” and tons of videos will pop up!I hope these helped you, or someone else, in some way!