Like many people, I suffer from severe panic and anxiety attacks. My heart races at what feels like a thousand beats per minute, I get a cold sweat, and my thoughts do not have a filter. The latter of which, I find the most dangerous and disturbing, especially when said attacks get triggered by something so small or nothing at all.
A lot of the time, they boil down to not feeling safe. I feel like I’m vulnerable, that the worst things that happened to me will happen again tenfold, or I’ve become the worst person in existence. Fear, as a lot of us know, can have us assume the worst.
I’m still working on managing my fear, if it can be managed at all, but a lot of what I’ve been practicing is essentially Stoicism. Epictetus, a Greek Stoic philosopher, often highlighted that it is not events themselves that disturb people, but rather their judgments about those events. One famous quote attributed to Epictetus that reflects this idea is: “People are not disturbed by things, but by the view they take of them.”
This sentiment suggests that fear and other negative emotions stem not from objective reality but from our interpretations and perceptions of reality.
I thought, “What a wonderful way to get to know our characters!” Not only do we have to have a grasp on the world around them, we have to understand the extent of how they perceive said reality and how it leads to their own fears as well as their ambitions, passions, hate, love, etc.
Amor Fati
One of my favorite phrases is “amor fati.” It’s what helped me most in navigating my own fears and, as a result, writing some ways in which my characters handle theirs.
The idea of “amor fati” is closely associated with philosophers like Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius, even though they didn't use those exact words. However, it was Nietzsche who made it a key part of his philosophy. He believed that true greatness comes from embracing fate and wanting nothing to change, not in the past, present, or future. In simple terms, it means loving and accepting everything that happens, rather than just enduring it.
When considering the relationship between “amor fati” and fear, several key points emerge:
Acceptance of the Uncontrollable: Fear often arises from the unknown or from circumstances beyond our control. “Amor fati” encourages individuals to relinquish their resistance to such uncertainties and to accept that life is inherently unpredictable. By embracing fate, individuals can find solace in the realization that some things are simply beyond their power to change or influence.
Facing Adversity with Resilience: Rather than viewing challenges as threats to be avoided or overcome, individuals can approach them with a sense of equanimity and resilience. Instead of succumbing to fear or anxiety in the face of challenges, one can choose to see them as opportunities for growth and self-discovery. By embracing adversity as an integral part of life’s journey, individuals can cultivate the strength and fortitude necessary to navigate difficult times with grace and composure.
Gratitude for All Experiences: Fear often stems from a sense of insecurity or dissatisfaction with one’s circumstances. “Amor fati” cultivates gratitude for all experiences, both positive and negative, recognizing that each contributes to the richness and depth of life. By embracing fate with gratitude and appreciation, individuals can mitigate the fear of the unknown and find peace and contentment in the present moment.
This idea is what helps form a “baseline” for my way of thinking and perceiving fear, which is what many people, fictional characters included, tend to mix up.
You don’t need to adopt the same mantra, of course, but I believe that having this Ground 0 in your own personal philosophy will add further depth and characterization in writing. It provides a deeper perspective on why your characters think the same or why they may deviate.
Distinction Between Events and Perceptions
Let’s go back to what Epictetus said: “People are not disturbed by things, but by the view they take of them.” Stoicism teaches that events themselves are neutral; it is our interpretation of those events that shapes our emotional responses. This concept is often referred to as “cognitive appraisal” or “judgment” in Stoic philosophy.
In practical terms, this means that two individuals may encounter the same external circumstance, yet react to it in vastly different ways based on their subjective interpretations. For example, consider a person who loses their job unexpectedly. While one individual may perceive this event as a devastating blow to their self-worth and security, another may view it as an opportunity for growth and new possibilities. The event itself—the loss of a job—remains the same, but the emotional response varies depending on the individual's perception of the situation.
Epictetus’s insight invites us to reflect on the role of our perceptions in shaping our emotional experiences. It suggests that our judgments, beliefs, and attitudes about the events we encounter play a crucial role in determining how we feel and behave in response to those events. By recognizing this distinction between events and perceptions, individuals can gain greater agency over their emotional lives.
Moreover, understanding this distinction empowers individuals to practice what Epictetus called the “dichotomy of control”—the Stoic principle of focusing only on what is within our power to control, namely our thoughts, attitudes, and responses, rather than becoming consumed by external circumstances beyond our control. By directing our attention inward and cultivating a mindset of resilience and rationality, we can navigate life's challenges with greater equanimity and inner peace.
Applying this to character development, particularly in relation to crafting a character’s fears, can add depth and complexity to the character.
Understanding the Character’s Perception of Fearful Events:
Explore how the character interprets and perceives the events or situations that evoke fear. What underlying beliefs, past experiences, or personal values shape their perception of these events?
Consider whether the character’s fear is rooted in the objective reality of the situation or in their subjective interpretation of it. For example, is their fear based on genuine physical danger, or is it driven by irrational beliefs or past traumas?
Revealing Character Traits and Beliefs:
A character’s response to fear can provide insight into their personality, values, and beliefs. For instance, do they confront their fears head-on with courage and resilience, or do they succumb to anxiety and avoidance?
Consider how the character’s fear reflects broader themes or conflicts in the story. For example, does their fear stem from a desire for control, a fear of vulnerability, or a struggle with existential questions?
External Manifestations of Fear:
Consider how the character’s perception of fear manifests in their actions, behaviors, and interactions with others. Do they exhibit outward signs of fear, such as trembling or avoidance, or do they mask their fears behind a facade of bravado?
Pay attention to how the character’s response to fear influences their relationships with other characters. For example, do they push others away in an attempt to protect themselves, or do they seek support and connection during times of fear and uncertainty?
Symbolism and Subtext:
Use the character’s fears as a vehicle for exploring deeper themes and subtext within the story. What do their fears symbolize in terms of larger narrative themes or character arcs?
Consider how the character’s perception of fear parallels or contrasts with other characters in the story, providing opportunities for reflection and exploration of different perspectives.
“Personal Truths” Are Not Necessarily Lawful
No matter how much a character is afraid of something, there is a line to be drawn on how valid that fear is when justifying a character’s actions and self-proclaimed motives. A person can say that they are afraid of someone else and that they are acting to protect others, but does that truly evade them from the law? In other words, a Villain can be completely convinced that what they are doing is noble and right, or that it stems from their own trauma, but, at the end of the day, they’re a murderous liar.
For example, in George Orwell's allegorical novel Animal Farm, Napoleon is a Berkshire boar who emerges as one of the leaders of the animal revolution against the human farmer, Mr. Jones. Initially, Napoleon is portrayed as a strategic thinker and persuasive speaker, working alongside Snowball, another pig, to rally the other animals and establish the principles of Animalism, which advocate for equality and freedom from human oppression.
As the story progresses, Napoleon’s character undergoes a transformation fueled by his ambitions for power and control.
Napoleon’s fear of losing control over the farm drives many of his actions. He becomes increasingly paranoid about potential threats to his authority, particularly from Snowball, whom he views as a rival. This fear prompts him to manipulate and eliminate anyone who opposes him, including orchestrating the expulsion of Snowball from the farm and later falsely accusing him of being a traitor.
He also utilizes propaganda and manipulation to maintain his grip on power. He gradually assumes control over the farm’s decision-making processes, consolidating power in his own hands and using fear tactics to suppress dissent among the other animals. For example, he employs the threat of the mysterious “Jones” returning to instill fear and obedience among the animals.
Napoleon’s lust for power leads him to betray the principles of Animalism that he once espoused. He progressively becomes more authoritarian and exploitative, engaging in corrupt practices such as trading with humans and altering the Seven Commandments to justify his actions. Despite initially advocating for equality, Napoleon begins to live a life of luxury while the other animals toil and suffer.
As his regime becomes more entrenched, he resorts to violence and oppression to maintain control. He establishes a reign of terror, using his loyal enforcers, the ferocious dogs he raised since they were puppies, to suppress dissent and punish any animal perceived as disloyal. Under his rule, the farm descends into a state of fear and tyranny, with Napoleon ruling with an iron fist.
Napoleon’s character serves as a symbol of totalitarianism and the corrupting influence of power. His transformation from a revolutionary leader to a despotic dictator mirrors the rise of real-life totalitarian rulers who exploit fear and propaganda to consolidate power and suppress dissent. There is not one moment of self-reflection, of him questioning that, perhaps, his fears are unfounded or his “personal truths” are not true at all.
Playing With Reality
Now, how can you utilize fear in order to create a character with as much depth and reflection (or lack thereof) like Napoleon?
Exaggerating a character’s fear involves manipulating elements of reality within the narrative to heighten the character’s sense of paranoia, insecurity, and authoritarianism.
Distorted Perceptions: Employ literary devices such as unreliable narration or distorted perspectives to amplify the character’s fears. By presenting events through the lens of the character’s paranoia, the narrative can create a sense of heightened tension and uncertainty. For example, descriptions of seemingly innocuous occurrences may be exaggerated or imbued with sinister undertones to reflect the character’s heightened state of fear.
Symbolism and Imagery: Symbolic imagery can be used to represent the character’s fears in a heightened and exaggerated manner. For instance, recurring symbols of oppression, surveillance, or impending doom can serve as visual metaphors for the character’s anxieties and insecurities. These symbols can be woven throughout the narrative to reinforce the character’s sense of paranoia and isolation.
Surreal Elements: Introducing surreal or fantastical elements into the narrative can create a sense of disorientation and unease, effectively amplifying the character's fear. By blurring the boundaries between reality and fantasy, the author can evoke a sense of psychological instability and existential dread. Surreal imagery, dream sequences, or hallucinatory experiences can all contribute to the character’s sense of dislocation and terror.
Manipulation of Time and Space: Playing with the conventions of time and space can further exaggerate the character’s fear and disorientation. Flashbacks, flash-forwards, or nonlinear storytelling techniques can create a sense of temporal dislocation, mirroring the character’s fractured mental state. Similarly, disorienting shifts in perspective or setting can contribute to the character's sense of being trapped or pursued by unseen forces.
Atmospheric Detailing: Careful attention to atmospheric detail can help to create a sense of oppressive dread and foreboding. Descriptions of the environment—such as gloomy weather, claustrophobic settings, or unsettling ambient sounds—can evoke a palpable sense of unease, intensifying the character's fear and paranoia.
Character Interaction and Dialogue: Dialogue and interaction with other characters can be used to reinforce the character’s fears and insecurities. Conversations may be laced with veiled threats, double entendres, or gaslighting tactics, leaving the character uncertain of whom to trust. Manipulative or menacing exchanges can heighten the character's sense of isolation and vulnerability.
Did anyone else get a little uneasy imagining all of that? I’d go rather mad if I had all of that happening to me, too. Now, what about the good guys? They are afraid of things, too, right?
Of course they are, and you can utilize the above methods for your heroes, as well! There might just be a little bit of extra work involved in ensuring that they don’t spiral into the villain role.
Establish Strong Moral Compass: From the outset, establish the hero’s core values and moral compass. Make it clear what principles guide their actions and decisions. This foundation will serve as a guiding light, helping to anchor the character and prevent them from straying into villainous territory.
Empathy and Compassion: Ensure that the hero retains their empathy and compassion towards others, even in the face of fear and adversity. By prioritizing the well-being of others and demonstrating empathy towards those in need, the hero reaffirms their commitment to noble ideals and reinforces their heroic identity.
Positive Support Systems: Surround the hero with positive support systems, including allies, mentors, and friends who can offer guidance, encouragement, and moral support. These relationships serve as anchors, providing the hero with strength and stability during moments of doubt and fear.
Consequences of Actions: Highlight the consequences of the hero’s actions and choices, emphasizing the impact they have on others and the world around them. By holding the hero accountable for their decisions and their effects, the narrative reinforces the importance of ethical behavior and reinforces their heroic identity.
Redemption and Forgiveness: If the hero does succumb to fear or makes mistakes along the way, provide opportunities for redemption and forgiveness. Allow the hero to acknowledge their faults, learn from their experiences, and strive to make amends. This narrative arc reinforces the hero’s humanity and resilience, emphasizing the possibility of growth and redemption.
Thematic Resonance: Ensure that the hero’s journey is thematically consistent and resonant, emphasizing themes of hope, courage, and resilience. By grounding the narrative in these overarching themes, the hero’s actions remain aligned with their fundamental nature, reinforcing their heroic identity and preventing them from veering into villainous territory.
Conclusion
Fear is a powerful and universal human experience that can shape both individuals and characters in profound ways. Drawing upon Stoic philosophy, particularly the concepts of “amor fati” and the distinction between events and perceptions, can provide valuable insights into understanding and managing fear. By exploring how characters perceive and respond to fear, writers can create nuanced and compelling portrayals that add depth and complexity to their stories.
“Amor fati,” or love of fate, encourages individuals to embrace and accept all aspects of their lives, including the uncertainties and challenges that provoke fear. By adopting an attitude of gratitude and acceptance towards fate, characters can navigate fear with resilience and courage, transforming adversity into opportunities for growth and self-discovery.
Furthermore, understanding the distinction between events and perceptions allows writers to delve into the subjective nature of fear, exploring how characters’ interpretations and judgments shape their emotional experiences. By depicting characters’ fears as rooted in their perceptions of reality, writers can add layers of complexity to their motivations and behaviors, enhancing the depth and authenticity of their characterization.
While fear can drive characters to make choices that lead them down dark paths, it is ultimately their moral compass, empathy, and support systems that determine whether they remain heroes or succumb to villainy. By emphasizing themes of redemption, forgiveness, and growth, writers can ensure that even in the face of fear, their characters' journeys ultimately lead to strength, resilience, and self-discovery.
Exploring good traits gone bad in a novel can add depth and complexity to your characters. Here are a few examples of good traits that can take a negative turn:
1. Empathy turning into manipulation: A character with a strong sense of empathy may use it to manipulate others' emotions and gain an advantage.
2. Confidence becoming arrogance: Excessive confidence can lead to arrogance, where a character belittles others and dismisses their opinions.
3. Ambition turning into obsession: A character's ambition can transform into an unhealthy obsession, causing them to prioritize success at any cost, including sacrificing relationships and moral values.
4. Loyalty becoming blind devotion: Initially loyal, a character may become blindly devoted to a cause or person, disregarding their own well-being and critical thinking.
5. Courage turning into recklessness: A character's courage can morph into reckless behavior, endangering themselves and others due to an overestimation of their abilities.
6. Determination becoming stubbornness: Excessive determination can lead to stubbornness, where a character refuses to consider alternative perspectives or change their course of action, even when it's detrimental.
7. Optimism becoming naivety: Unwavering optimism can transform into naivety, causing a character to overlook dangers or be easily deceived.
8. Protectiveness turning into possessiveness: A character's protective nature can evolve into possessiveness, where they become overly controlling and jealous in relationships.
9. Altruism becoming self-neglect: A character's selflessness may lead to neglecting their own needs and well-being, to the point of self-sacrifice and burnout.
10. Honesty becoming brutal bluntness: A character's commitment to honesty can turn into brutal bluntness, hurting others with harsh and tactless remarks.
These examples demonstrate how even admirable traits can have negative consequences when taken to extremes or used improperly. By exploring the complexities of these traits, you can create compelling and multi-dimensional characters in your novel.
Our Obsession With the Tortured Poet Trope: Where Do We Draw the Line of Responsibility?
WC: 1592
CW: mentions of su*cide, mental health, and character ab*se
Index
Introduction
The Romanticization of Suffering
Why? Morbid Fascination
However, There's a Trap...
What Does it Mean For Us Writers?
Introduction
The Tortured Poet trope embodies a romanticized image of the artist grappling with internal turmoil and emotional anguish, often portrayed as a misunderstood genius whose suffering gives birth to great works of art. However, alongside this fascination lies a complex web of ethical considerations regarding the portrayal and romanticization of suffering. Today, we will delve into the roots of the Tortured Poet trope, exploring its connection to romanticism, creativity, and the human fascination with suffering. Furthermore, we will seek to examine the ethical responsibilities of promoting this archetype.
The Romanticization of Suffering
The notion of romanticizing suffering can be traced back to ancient Greek mythology, where the Muses, the goddesses of inspiration, were believed to both inspire artists and inflict them with madness. This dual aspect highlights the complex relationship between creativity and suffering. Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, praised creativity as a form of “divine madness,” suggesting that it was a gift bestowed upon individuals by the gods. Aristotle, another influential philosopher, similarly suggested that great genius often came with a touch of insanity, further reinforcing the idea that creativity and suffering were intertwined.
During the Romantic era, which spanned roughly from the late 18th to the mid-19th century, artists and writers placed a strong emphasis on intense emotions and experiences. They celebrated the beauty and authenticity found in suffering, viewing it as a source of inspiration and creativity rather than something to be avoided or minimized. In this context, the figure of the Tortured Poet emerged as a symbol of the romantic ideal—a creative individual who embraced their inner turmoil and used it to fuel their personal expression.
A notable example can be found in the character of Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights. Firstly, it’s a prevalent trope in even modern literature and film that a “reformed bad boy” suddenly makes the best boyfriend/husband material. Heathcliff, however, does not reform. He holds his grudge and desire for revenge to the point where his abuse of Isabella is one of selfish amusement. Critic Joyce Carol Oates actually argues that Brontë does to readers what Heathcliff does to Isabella: testing us with his violence and morbidity to see how much we will continue to insist that he is a romantic hero. He may not be a poet from an artistic standpoint, but he is one who fully embraced his traumas to fuel his behavior and personality; and he definitely reflects the Romantic era’s fascination with the darker aspects of human experience.
Why? Morbid Fascination
So why is there such an awe surrounding the darker sides of human nature? It seems that morbid fascination is deeply ingrained aspects of our behavior, leading audiences to seek insight into the inner workings of the tortured artist’s mind. This tendency manifests in various forms, from the consumption of the artist's work to the scrutiny of their personal life and struggles.
Audiences are drawn to the darkness and turmoil that often permeate the work of tortured artists. Whether it’s the haunting lyrics of a troubled musician, the raw emotion captured in a painter’s brush strokes, or the visceral honesty of a poet’s words, there is a magnetic allure to the expression of human suffering. This fascination stems from a desire to understand the complexities of the human condition, to confront our own mortality and existential angst through the lens of another’s experiences.
The Nightmare
“The Nightmare” by Henry Fuseli is a prime example of people’s fascination with darkness and the macabre. Painted in 1781, this iconic work of art depicts a woman draped across a bed, seemingly in the throes of a nightmare. Above her, a demonic creature, often interpreted as an incubus, sits perched upon her chest, while a ghostly horse with glowing eyes lurks in the background.
The painting’s unsettling imagery and eerie atmosphere have captivated viewers for centuries, eliciting a sense of unease and fascination with the darker aspects of the human psyche. Fuseli’s masterful use of chiaroscuro and dramatic lighting heightens the sense of foreboding, drawing viewers into the nightmarish scene.
Audiences are drawn to “The Nightmare” not only for its technical brilliance but also for its exploration of themes such as fear, desire, and the subconscious mind. The painting taps into primal fears and fantasies, confronting viewers with the uncanny and the irrational.
Moreover, this painting exemplifies the Romantic fascination with the supernatural and the macabre, prevalent during Fuseli's era. The Romantics sought to explore the darker realms of human experience, rejecting rationalism in favor of emotion and imagination. Fuseli’s painting embodies this fascination with the unknown, inviting viewers to confront their deepest fears and desires.
However, There’s a Trap…
When looking into the Tortured Poet, I couldn’t help but compare it to the Obsessed Artist trope, which I talked about previously. I wondered what the differences between the two were, as both seemed to go to the extremes to express their art and both had some semblance of trauma that permeated their being to the point of potential or evident harm.
My observation was this: where the Obsessed Artist is seemingly unaware of their destruction, the Tortured Poet validates it. There are two sides to this validation: internal and external.
Internal Validation
There is what could be called “self-prescribed torture,” where the Poet will claim they are Tortured in order to validate their actions. In other words, the trope can lead individuals to resonate with the romanticized image of the Tortured Poet, glorifying suffering as a prerequisite for artistic brilliance. This misinterpretation may compel individuals to fabricate or exaggerate their personal struggles, believing that genuine pain is necessary for authenticity.
Take Henry Winter from The Secret History as an example. Despite his privileged upbringing and academic success, Henry is deeply disillusioned with the world around him, harboring a sense of existential ennui and moral ambiguity. He sees himself as an outsider, disconnected from the superficiality and hypocrisy of society, and seeks solace in the pursuit of knowledge and aesthetic beauty.
Despite his intellectual prowess, Henry is not immune to the allure of power and control. As the leader of the group, he exerts a subtle but undeniable influence over his peers, manipulating them into participating in increasingly dangerous and morally questionable activities. His moral ambiguity and manipulative tendencies make him a compelling and morally complex character, blurring the lines between protagonist and antagonist.
External Validation
The aforementioned morbid fascination comes with ethical implications. The exploitation of the artist’s pain for the sake of entertainment or artistic consumption raises questions about the boundaries between artistic expression and personal privacy. There is a fine line between appreciating the artistry of the Tortured Poet and consuming their suffering for one’s own pleasure, catharsis, or for the sake of living vicariously.
Moreover, the societal implications of romanticizing genius and madness are profound. By treating suffering as a need for creativity, society perpetuates harmful stereotypes and diminishes the lived experiences of individuals struggling with various mental conditions. This romanticization not only trivializes the complexity of mental health but also reinforces harmful myths about the nature of creativity.
Many still subscribe to the notion that great art emerges from pain and adversity. This is not without evidence, either. A 2012 Swedish study showed that “authors… were more common among most of the other psychiatric diseases (including schizophrenia, depression, anxiety syndrome and substance abuse) and were almost 50 per cent more likely to commit suicide than the general population.” Consequently, this romanticized view of suffering may discourage individuals from seeking help for genuine mental health issues, perpetuating a cycle of silence and stigma surrounding mental illness.
Additionally, the romanticization of the Tortured Poet trope may overshadow the artistic merit of works created by individuals who do not fit this archetype. By privileging suffering as the ultimate source of creativity, society risks overlooking the diverse range of voices and experiences present within the artistic community. This focus on the Tortured Poet trope not only limits artistic expression but also perpetuates a homogenized view of creativity that fails to reflect the richness and complexity of human experience.
What Does it Mean For Us Writers?
At the very base of our craft, we write to express ourselves. Our own traumas, histories, and lived experiences shape our stories. I’m speaking to myself, as well, when I say that it’s imperative that we prioritize our mental health first. Yes, everything that we have been through is valid, but I don’t believe that we need to remain stagnant in those emotions and any likely harmful behaviors, be it to ourselves or others, for the sake of our craft.
As for anyone who wants to write a Tortured Poet character (again, myself included), I do wonder about the ethical and moral responsibilities we have in our representations of the character. Personally, I do enjoy an unlikeable character. In fact, one of my MCs in a current wip believes themselves to be “tortured” in the sense that they justify their actions towards others and use it as an excuse to not heal or grow as a person. However, the fear of readers taking such a character at face value and essentially treating them as some readers treated Heathcliff does linger in my head. Although, I believe such a discussion is more suited towards the layers of media literacy or the miscommunications upon reader interpretation versus artist intention. If anyone else has any thoughts, I’d love to hear about them.
The Reluctant Ruler Trope: A Philosophical Inquiry into Unwanted Power, Responsibility, and the Burden of Leadership
WC: 3,489
Index
Introduction
The Reluctant Ruler in Literature and Folklore
The Existential Dilemma of Unwanted Authority
Political Implications and the Burden of Responsibility
A Special Case or a Universal Relatability?
Closing Words
Introduction
“The world is something that was put into your hands and that you must deal with - so you will. You have a rigid back and steady hands, either metaphorically or physically. Is it nature or nurture? You don't know. You are tired of being steady. You dream of feeling alive. Not that you aren’t, but, sometimes, it’s hard to remember that there is a heart between your ribs.” —“Are You A Soldier, Poet, or A King?” quiz by @atlanticsea
Does anyone here remember the “Soldier, Poet, King” quiz that went around about a year or so ago? When I initially took it, I expected “Poet;” you can imagine my surprise when the “King” result absolutely obliterated my mental health.
As I’ve found, a common theme in my writing is the Reluctant Ruler trope, where either 1) a character is thrust into the role of a savior, hero, or king/queen despite not having any wish to lead people or 2) a character assumes the role of a leader without the full understanding of the morally corrupting demands of the job.
The narrative trope of the Reluctant Ruler has long captivated the human imagination, resonating across cultures and epochs. From mythical tales of kings and queens reluctant to ascend the throne to contemporary narratives of reluctant heroes and leaders, this archetype speaks to fundamental questions about the nature of power, responsibility, and the human condition. But what makes this trope such a tragic and believable character? How do we, as an audience, end up relating to and debating the conflicts and moral dilemmas that these characters face? Today, we embark on a philosophical inquiry into the Reluctant Ruler trope, aiming to uncover its deeper meanings and implications within existential and political philosophical discourse.
The Reluctant Ruler in Literature and Folklore
The archetype of the reluctant ruler is deeply embedded in the narratives of literature and folklore, transcending cultural and historical boundaries. Across diverse traditions, tales abound of individuals thrust into positions of leadership against their will, grappling with the weight of power and the burdens of governance.
Shakespeare’s “Hamlet:” One of the most iconic depictions of the Reluctant Ruler can be found in William Shakespeare's timeless tragedy, “Hamlet.” Prince Hamlet, the melancholic protagonist, is suddenly confronted with the task of avenging his father’s murder and assuming the throne of Denmark. Despite being heir to the throne, Hamlet is plagued by doubt, indecision, and existential angst. His famous soliloquy, “To be, or not to be,” encapsulates the profound existential crisis he faces, torn between the demands of duty and the desire for personal authenticity. Hamlet’s reluctance to embrace his role as king stems not only from fear or cowardice but from a profound skepticism about the legitimacy of authority and the corrupting influence of power.
The Arthurian Legend: In the rich tapestry of Arthurian legend, the motif of the Reluctant Ruler is exemplified in the character of King Arthur himself. According to some versions of the myth, Arthur is initially unaware of his royal lineage and is raised as a commoner by Sir Ector. Upon discovering his true identity and rightful claim to the throne, Arthur reluctantly accepts the mantle of kingship, guided by the wise counsel of Merlin and the moral imperative to uphold justice and chivalry. Despite his noble intentions, Arthur grapples with the burdens of leadership, facing betrayals, challenges to his authority, and the tragic consequences of his own choices. His reluctance to embrace his destiny as king reflects the ambivalence inherent in assuming power and the moral ambiguities of governance.
The Biblical Story of Moses: In the Abrahamic traditions, the narrative of Moses provides another compelling example of the Reluctant Ruler trope. According to the Book of Exodus, Moses is initially an ordinary Israelite that ran from his station as a prince of Egypt, content to live as a shepherd in the wilderness. However, when called upon by God to lead his people out of bondage in Egypt, Moses initially resists, citing his own inadequacies and speech impediment. Despite his reluctance, Moses eventually accepts the divine mandate and becomes the revered leader of the Israelites, guiding them through the trials of the Exodus and delivering the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai. Moses’s reluctance to assume leadership underscores the theme of human frailty and the transformative power of faith and divine providence.
The Existential Dilemma of Unwanted Authority
Despite not having instances in our lives where we are unexpectedly crowned king or being spoken to by a deity, there are still profound lessons in identity and responsibility that we can pull from these characters.
The Anguish of Freedom and Responsibility
Existentialist philosophers such as Jean-Paul Sartre asserted that “existence precedes essence,” emphasizing the radical freedom and responsibility of human beings to define their own meaning and purpose in a seemingly indifferent universe. For the Reluctant Ruler, this existential freedom becomes a source of anguish and uncertainty. Suddenly endowed with authority and influence, they are confronted with the weight of responsibility and the moral implications of their actions. The existential angst of the reluctant ruler arises from the tension between the desire for autonomy and the demands of duty, as they struggle with the paradox of being simultaneously free and bound by social expectations.
Furthermore, with freedom comes the moral imperative to act responsibly and ethically. The Reluctant Ruler, however, finds themselves burdened with the weight of moral decision-making, as they navigate complex ethical dilemmas and confront the consequences of their actions. Existentialist philosophy emphasizes the inherent responsibility of individuals to create their own moral framework and to confront the ethical implications of their choices with honesty and integrity. The anguish of responsibility lies in the tension between the desire for moral clarity and the recognition of the inherent ambiguity and uncertainty of ethical decision-making. The reluctant ruler must contemplate on the ethical complexities of their role, striving to uphold their moral principles amidst the exigencies of power and governance.
Authenticity and Self-Deception
Central to the existential dilemma of unwanted authority is the quest for authenticity (we already knew this; I wrote two posts on authenticity already that you can check out here and here)—the authentic expression of one’s true self and values in the face of external pressures and expectations. The Reluctant Ruler may experience profound existential alienation as they navigate the demands of their role, questioning whether they are living in accordance with their own genuine desires and beliefs or merely conforming to societal norms and conventions.
In fact, they may be tempted to resort to self-deception—to deceive themselves and others about the true nature of their actions or motivations. Existentialist philosophy warns against the dangers of inauthenticity and self-delusion, highlighting the existential crisis that arises from living inauthentically and betraying one’s own values. The Reluctant Ruler may succumb to the pressures of their position, rationalizing their actions or compromising their principles in order to maintain power or avoid conflict. Self-deception becomes a means of coping with the existential anguish and moral dilemmas inherent in their role, providing a false sense of security and comfort amidst the uncertainties of leadership.
Self-deception ultimately leads to existential alienation—the estrangement from one’s authentic self and the sense of disconnection from the world. The Reluctant Ruler who succumbs to self-deception finds themselves adrift in a sea of moral ambiguity and existential angst, unable to reconcile their actions with their inner convictions.
The Absurdity of Human Existence
“The Absurdity of Human Existence” is a philosophical concept rooted in existentialist thought, particularly articulated by philosophers such as Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre. It posits that human life is inherently absurd, devoid of inherent meaning or purpose, and characterized by the fundamental tension between the human desire for meaning and the indifferent, chaotic nature of the universe.
In assuming positions of power unwillingly, the Reluctant Ruler confronts the absurdity of their situation, grappling with the arbitrary nature of authority and the futility of their efforts to impose order and control upon a chaotic world. The absurdity of leadership lies in the recognition of its inherent limitations and the inevitability of failure and impermanence. Despite their best intentions, the Reluctant Ruler may find themselves overwhelmed by their predicament, struggling to find meaning and significance in a world devoid of ultimate purpose.
Here is where another familiar element of existence comes into play: the illusion of control. The illusion of control is a psychological concept that refers to the tendency of individuals to overestimate their ability to influence or control events, particularly in situations characterized by uncertainty or randomness.
For the Reluctant Ruler, the illusion of control becomes apparent as they assume positions of power unwillingly and attempt to impose order and control upon a world that defies their efforts. Despite their best intentions, they soon come to realize the inherent unpredictability and uncontrollability of the events and circumstances they face. This recognition challenges their preconceived notions of authority and power, revealing the illusory nature of their perceived control.
The Reluctant Ruler may initially believe that they have the ability to shape the course of events and influence outcomes according to their will. However, as they encounter resistance, opposition, and unforeseen challenges, they begin to understand the limitations of their authority and the unpredictable nature of the world they seek to govern. This realization undermines their confidence and exposes the fragility of their sense of control.
Moreover, the illusion of control can lead the Reluctant Ruler to engage in behaviors and strategies aimed at maintaining the illusion of power, even in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary. They may resort to authoritarian measures, manipulation, or denial of reality in an attempt to assert their authority and preserve their sense of control. However, these efforts ultimately prove futile, further reinforcing the absurdity of their situation.
The existential implications of the illusion of control lie in its confrontation with the fundamental unpredictability and contingency of human existence. The Reluctant Ruler's quest for control becomes a Sisyphean task, as they strive to impose order upon a world characterized by chaos and uncertainty. In confronting the illusion of control, they are forced to confront the absurdity of their condition and wrestle with the inherent limitations of human agency in the face of existential uncertainty.
Political Implications and the Burden of Leadership
Naturally, we cannot talk about the complexity behind the Reluctant Ruler without diving into those whom they govern. In examining the reluctant ruler trope through the lens of political philosophy, we confront the complex interplay between governance, legitimacy, and the ethical responsibilities of leadership.
Legitimacy and Consent
The concepts of legitimacy and consent are central to theories of political authority, shaping the foundation of governance and the relationship between rulers and the ruled. In the context of the Reluctant Ruler trope, the legitimacy of political authority is called into question, as leaders may assume power unwillingly, without the explicit consent or endorsement of those they govern.
Political theorists have long debated the sources of legitimacy in governance, seeking to identify the basis upon which political authority is justified. Traditionally, legitimacy has been derived from various sources such as divine right, tradition, charisma, or popular consent. However, the assumption of power by a Reluctant Ruler complicates these traditional sources, as their authority may not be grounded in the typical mechanisms of legitimacy. Instead, the legitimacy of the reluctant ruler may be contingent upon factors such as adherence to legal norms, effectiveness in governance, or recognition by key power holders.
In democratic societies, where the principle of popular sovereignty reigns supreme, the consent of the governed is considered foundational to the legitimacy of political authority. Democratic legitimacy is typically understood to derive from the consent of the people, expressed through free and fair elections. However, the Reluctant Ruler challenges this notion, as their assumption of power may not be the result of popular choice or electoral mandate. Or, on the other hand, perhaps it was, indeed, the populace that raised them to their position while they continued to protest and fight against it. This raises questions about the compatibility of their leadership with democratic ideals and the accountability of political institutions to the will of the people.
A Special Case or Universal Relatability?
The Reluctant Ruler archetype, emblematic of individuals thrust into positions of power against their will, serves as a focal point for exploring the intricate interplay between existential realization, political pragmatism, and ethical considerations within the realm of political philosophy and ethical theory. Through the lenses of political philosophers and ethical theorists, such as Niccolò Machiavelli, Hannah Arendt, Immanuel Kant, and Aristotle, we can seek to elucidate the moral spectrum of the Reluctant Ruler, shedding light on the ethical and existential dimensions of their predicament and the broader implications for human nature and governance.
Political Philosophers:
Thinkers such as Niccolò Machiavelli and Hannah Arendt might consider the ethical and political dimensions of the Reluctant Ruler trope. They would examine questions of legitimacy, authority, and the responsibilities of leadership, shedding light on how the Reluctant Ruler’s predicament illuminates broader themes in political philosophy.
Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli, a seminal figure in political philosophy, is often associated with political realism, a perspective that emphasizes practical considerations over moral ideals in governance.
Machiavelli’s political realism emphasizes the importance of power dynamics, interests, and strategic calculations in politics. He might argue that the Reluctant Ruler cannot afford to be guided solely by moral principles or existential concerns but must instead prioritize the preservation of authority and the maintenance of order.
For him, the reluctant ruler’s primary concern should be establishing and consolidating their authority, regardless of the circumstances of their ascension to power.
He famously suggests in The Prince that rulers should be prepared to act ruthlessly when necessary, even if it means sacrificing ethical principles.
The ends justify the means in politics, and that the reluctant ruler must be willing to employ any means necessary to achieve their goals.
Ultimately, Machiavelli would likely emphasize the importance of maintaining order and stability as the primary goals of the reluctant ruler. He might argue that the ruler's legitimacy and authority depend on their ability to govern effectively and preserve the social order, even if it requires making difficult decisions or compromises.
Machiavelli might caution against allowing existential angst or moral qualms to undermine the reluctant ruler's ability to govern decisively. He would likely stress the need for pragmatism and flexibility in navigating the complexities of political life.
Hannah Arendt
Hannah Arendt was a prominent political theorist known for her contributions to the understanding of totalitarianism, the nature of power, and the concept of political action.
Arendt would delve into the existential angst experienced by the reluctant ruler, examining how their struggle with assuming power unwillingly reflects broader themes of human existence. She might explore the absurdity of the situation, where individuals find themselves thrust into positions of authority without their consent or desire.
Arendt would likely emphasize the importance of individual conscience in guiding the actions of the reluctant ruler. She might suggest that the ruler's moral integrity is central to their ability to exercise legitimate and effective leadership, even in the face of existential uncertainty.
She might also argue that political action is inherently bound up with questions of ethics and morality, and that the reluctant ruler's existential crisis serves as a catalyst for deeper reflection on the ethical dimensions of governance.
Arendt might caution against sacrificing moral integrity for the sake of pragmatic considerations, suggesting that the Ruler’s adherence to their conscience is ultimately what determines the legitimacy of their leadership.
Ethical Thinkers
Thinkers like Immanuel Kant and Aristotle would likely explore the ethical dilemmas faced by the Reluctant Ruler. They would analyze how the tension between personal ethics and pragmatic considerations shapes the Ruler’s decision-making process, offering insights into human moral psychology and the pursuit of virtuous leadership.
Immanuel Kant
Kant’s deontological ethics emphasizes the importance of moral duty and universal principles in guiding ethical behavior. He would likely analyze the Reluctant Ruler’s predicament by focusing on the categorical imperative, which states that individuals must act according to principles that can be universally applied.
Kant might argue that the Reluctant Ruler faces a moral obligation to uphold certain ethical principles, even if it conflicts with pragmatic considerations. He would emphasize the importance of acting out of a sense of duty and moral integrity, rather than being swayed by expediency or self-interest.
Aristotle
Aristotle’s virtue ethics focuses on the development of moral character and the cultivation of virtuous qualities. He would likely analyze the Reluctant Ruler’s ethical dilemmas by considering how their decisions reflect their moral virtues and character traits.
Aristotle might argue that the reluctant ruler should strive to embody virtues such as courage, wisdom, and justice in their governance. He would emphasize the importance of practical wisdom (phronesis) in navigating the complexities of political life, suggesting that the ruler should aim to achieve eudaimonia, or flourishing, through virtuous leadership.
On Our Nature
Needless to say, not only can we reflect on our own ethical “what-ifs” in parallel to the Reluctant Ruler trope; through this character study, we can unearth a multitude of political and existential debates and still never settle on a universal answer.
The perpetual debates and unanswered questions surrounding the Reluctant Ruler trope speak volumes about human nature and the complexity of individual experiences. At its core, the Reluctant Ruler archetype encapsulates the fundamental tensions between existential realization, ethical responsibility, and political pragmatism, reflecting the intricate interplay of human desires, values, and motivations.
Firstly, the inability to settle on a universal answer regarding the Reluctant Ruler trope underscores the inherent complexity and ambiguity of human existence. Human nature is characterized by its multifaceted makeup, encompassing a diverse range of perspectives, beliefs, and experiences. The reluctance of individuals to embrace leadership roles speaks to our innate desire for autonomy, authenticity, and personal fulfillment, as well as our inherent susceptibility to doubt, uncertainty, and existential angst. The analyses surrounding the Reluctant Ruler trope reflect the diversity of human experiences and the myriad ways in which individuals examine with questions of identity, purpose, and morality.
Moreover, the fact that many individuals can relate to the Reluctant Ruler trope on a personal level speaks to the universality of human struggles and aspirations. Whether it be the fear of assuming responsibility, the desire for authenticity and self-expression, or the ethical dilemmas inherent in leadership, the themes embodied by the Reluctant Ruler resonate with people from all walks of life.
However, the Reluctant Ruler trope also serves as a mirror through which we can reflect on our own ethical convictions, political beliefs, and existential uncertainties. By examining the complexities of this archetype, we are compelled to confront our own values, biases, and assumptions, and to consider how they shape our perceptions of leadership, responsibility, and human nature. The inability to settle on a universal answer regarding the Reluctant Ruler trope challenges us to confront the inherent ambiguity and uncertainty of human existence, prompting us to engage with questions of identity, meaning, and morality in our own lives.
Closing Words
What initially appears as a narrative device in storytelling reveals itself as a mirror reflecting the intricacies of our own ethical frameworks, existential dilemmas, and political realities.
At its essence, the Reluctant Ruler archetype embodies the universal struggle between autonomy and responsibility, authenticity and conformity, freedom and obligation. Yet, beyond the realm of fiction, it prompts us to reflect on our own ethical convictions and existential uncertainties. Are we, too, begrudging in our own lives, navigating the delicate balance between personal desires and societal expectations? Do we confront the existential angst of freedom and responsibility, or do we succumb to the illusion of control and self-deception?
Moreover, the Reluctant Ruler challenges us to examine the legitimacy of political authority and the ethical responsibilities of leadership. In a world where governance is often characterized by power struggles and moral ambiguities, how do we reconcile the demands of pragmatism with the imperatives of justice and integrity? How do we ensure that those in positions of power govern with wisdom, virtue, and compassion?
Ultimately, the Reluctant Ruler trope serves as a catalyst for introspection and dialogue, inviting us to confront the complexity of human nature and the ethical dimensions of governance. As we scrutinize the unresolved questions and perpetual debates surrounding this archetype, we are reminded of the enduring relevance of philosophy in our quest for understanding, meaning, and ethical clarity.
In the end, the Reluctant Ruler challenges us not only to ponder the existential dilemmas of fictional characters but also to confront the ethical complexities of our own lives and societies. It is through this introspective journey that we may gain deeper insights into the nature of leadership, autonomy, and the human condition, and perhaps, find a path towards a more just, compassionate, and authentic world.
Divine Epithets: How We Can Use Mythology to Learn About Human Authenticity
WC: 2,504
Disclaimer: I wish to clarify that my exploration of mythology and spirituality/religion is undertaken with the aim of understanding myself and my interactions with others, similar to how I use philosophy for the same purpose. It is important to note that I am not a theologian, and I do not claim to offer definitive or universally accepted interpretations of these myths or religious texts. My interpretations of mythological narratives and religious symbolism are personal reflections based on my own pagan beliefs, cultural background, education, and experiences. I acknowledge that interpretations of myths and religious texts can vary widely among individuals and communities, and my perspectives can and will differ from those of others. I encourage readers who are interested in exploring these culturally rich stories and lessons to engage in their own research and critical inquiry. Ultimately, my goal is to foster curiosity, dialogue, and self-reflection, rather than to impose a singular interpretation or belief. I invite readers to approach these topics with an open mind and a willingness to explore the diverse and complex tapestry of human culture and spirituality.
Introduction
In my last post, I talked about the Obsessed Artist and how it is a reflection of the human pursuit of authenticity. I wanted to talk about another aspect of literature that many of us are fans of that also reflect that aspect of philosophy.
Authenticity, a cornerstone of human existence, embodies the alignment between one's actions, beliefs, and values. It reflects the quest for inner harmony and integrity, wherein individuals strive to live in accordance with their true selves. Furthermore, philosophical ideals surrounding authenticity provide a conceptual framework for understanding the complexities of human identity and self-expression. Existentialist thinkers like Sartre and Heidegger offer insights into the existential angst and quest for authenticity inherent in human existence. Sartre’s concept of “bad faith” highlights the tendency to adopt inauthentic roles and identities imposed by societal norms, while Heidegger’s notion of “authenticity” calls for enacting roles and expressing character traits that contribute to realizing some image of what it is to be human in our own cases.
Yet, the pursuit of authenticity is not confined to the realm of human experience alone; it permeates the narratives of divine beings across various religious traditions. For example, as I’ve mentioned in previous posts, Kierkegaard held authenticity as a matter of passionate commitment to a relation to something outside oneself that bestows one’s life with meaning.
Divine epithets, ranging from the majestic “Aegidu’chos” (bearer of the Aegis with which he strikes terror into the impious and his enemies) attributed to Zeus in Greek mythology to the “Lamb of God” associated with Jesus Christ, encapsulate the essence of divinity within linguistic constructs. These epithets are not mere labels but serve as portals into the complex and nuanced understanding of gods.
Thus, the exploration of authenticity through divine epithets opens up a Pandora’s box of philosophical inquiry, inviting us to interrogate the nature of identity, selfhood, and the human condition. By traversing through the historical, cultural, and philosophical landscapes surrounding divine epithets, we embark on a transformative journey that promises to illuminate new pathways for understanding the enigma of authenticity in both human and divine realms.
Authenticity and Divine Epithets
Epithets associated with gods across various religious traditions serve as linguistic manifestations of divine attributes, functions, and qualities. Through the lens of authenticity, these divine epithets reveal deeper layers of meaning, reflecting not only the divine nature but also the human longing for spiritual authenticity and connection.
At its core, authenticity involves the alignment between one’s inner self and outward expression, reflecting sincerity, integrity, and congruence in beliefs, values, and actions. When applied to the culture around bestowing various epithets among deities, authenticity invites contemplation on the genuineness of human-divine relationships mediated through religious language and symbolism.
For example, in Greek mythology, Hermes is known by a plethora of epithets, each revealing a different facet of his character and function. For instance, Argeiphontês, by which he is designated as the murderer of Argus Panoptes, embodies the role of his ability to overcome obstacles through wit, guile, and ingenuity rather than brute force. It also alludes to Hermes’s role as a psychopomp, a guide of souls. In some interpretations, Argus, with his many eyes, symbolizes the all-seeing gaze of death, suggesting that Hermes’s slaying of Argus represents his function as a guide of souls, leading the deceased safely to the underworld.
The epithet “Argeiphontês,” then, can imply several aspects of human authenticity when examined within the context of Greek mythology and the character of Hermes.
Cunning and Resourcefulness: Hermes’s epithet as “Argeiphontês,” underscores his ability to navigate challenges through wit, cunning, and resourcefulness. In the human realm, authenticity can be expressed through similar traits, such as creativity, adaptability, and the ability to think outside the box. Humans who embody authenticity may demonstrate a willingness to confront obstacles with ingenuity and innovation rather than relying solely on conventional methods.
Individuality and Non-Conformity: Hermes’s role as a trickster figure challenges conventional notions of divine behavior, highlighting the importance of individuality and non-conformity in the pursuit of authenticity. Similarly, human authenticity may involve the rejection of societal norms and expectations in favor of embracing one’s unique identity and values. Authentic individuals may resist pressures to conform and instead strive to live in alignment with their true selves, even if it means deviating from societal conventions.
Quest for Meaning and Purpose: As per the second interpretation of the myth, “Argeiphontês” is intertwined with his role as a guide of souls, reflecting a deeper existential dimension related to the journey of life and death. Human authenticity often involves a similar quest for meaning and purpose, as individuals seek to understand their place in the world and navigate the existential challenges of existence. Authenticity may entail a sincere exploration of one’s beliefs, values, and aspirations, as well as a commitment to living in alignment with one's sense of purpose and meaning.
Furthermore, the authenticity behind divine epithets is intimately tied to the human expression of religious experiences. For believers, the use of epithets in prayer, meditation, or ritual serves as a means of forging a genuine and intimate connection with the divine. Through the repetition and contemplation of divine epithets, individuals seek to cultivate their understanding of the human experience in their religious practice, aligning their innermost beliefs and desires with the divine presence.
However, the quest for authenticity in divine epithets is not without its challenges and complexities. In some cases, the proliferation of epithets and theological interpretations may lead to tensions or conflicts within religious communities. Debates over the validity of certain epithets or theological doctrines may arise, reflecting differing interpretations of religious texts and traditions.
Take the myth of Medusa, from her origins as a Gorgon to the later narrative of her being cursed by Athena. In her earliest depictions, Medusa was portrayed as being born as one of the Gorgons, monstrous beings with snakes for hair, whose gaze could turn onlookers to stone. The Gorgons were often associated with chaos, danger, and the darker aspects of the natural world. In this context, Medusa’s monstrous form can be interpreted as a symbolic representation of primal forces beyond human comprehension or control. Her terrifying appearance reflects humanity’s fear of the unknown and the inherent unpredictability of the natural world. The stories of heroes like Perseus can symbolize the ideals of heroism and bravery triumphing over these uncertainties, asserting human agency despite otherworldly magic.
As the myth of Medusa evolved over time, her character underwent a transformation, particularly with the introduction of the narrative in which she is cursed by Athena, which wasn’t written until Ovid. According to this version of the myth, Medusa was originally a beautiful maiden who caught the unwanted eye of Poseidon, the sea god. In a fit of rage, Athena, the goddess of wisdom and warfare, transformed Medusa into a Gorgon, cursing her with a hideous appearance and the power to turn others to stone with her gaze.
The shift in Medusa’s characterization from a Gorgon to a cursed mortal reflects broader changes in cultural attitudes towards femininity, power, and agency. In this later version of the myth, Medusa becomes a tragic figure, victimized by the capricious actions of powerful deities. Her transformation into a monster is depicted as an act of divine punishment rather than an inherent aspect of her nature. This narrative underscores the complexities of human identity and the ways in which external forces, including societal expectations and divine intervention, can shape individual authenticity.
On the other hand, the myth also raises questions about the authenticity of religious or spiritual explanations for human behavior and experiences. In being distant from the source material of the original mythology as well as the writers of each transformative myth, we are left with interpretations of interpretations. In this sense, one must question how valid our understanding of human nature is through these stories when we are unable to solidify a concrete narrative.
On one hand, the evolution of Medusa’s character highlights the role of mythology and religious belief systems in shaping cultural narratives about identity, morality, and the conditions in which humans, as a society, progress forward.
Historical and Cultural Context
By examining these mythological narratives within their historical and cultural contexts, we can attempt to answer that question. To understand the significance of divine epithets, it is crucial to consider the historical and cultural contexts in which they originated. Using Hermes as an example again, in ancient Greece, he occupied a central role in religious and everyday life.
The epithet “Hermes Psychopompos,” for instance, emerges from ancient Greek funerary rituals and beliefs about the afterlife. In ancient Greek society, death was regarded as a significant transition, and rituals surrounding funerary practices were deeply ingrained in cultural and religious traditions. Hermes’s role as a guide of souls, as reflected in the epithet “Psychopompos,” underscores the Greeks’ reverence for Hermes as a mediator between the realms of the living and the dead. This epithet not only highlights the cultural significance of death and the afterlife but also offers insights into the Greeks’ understanding of humanity in relation to mortality. The guidance of souls by Hermes suggests a belief in the importance of the transition from life to death.
As for Ovid’s myth of Medusa being turned into a Gorgon by Athena, Ovid wrote Metamorphoses in exile and used his writing as a form of rebellion against the Roman government. He wove subtle criticisms and subversive messages throughout his work. The use of mythological narratives and divine figures in Metamorphoses provided Ovid with a powerful tool to critique the moral and political landscape of Rome, while also offering a means of catharsis and self-expression. The question then lies in our modern use of this version of the myth in serving other narratives and perpetuating aspects of human nature and authenticity while ignoring the historical context in which it originates. How valid can our interpretations be when citing works that have the intention of “divine defamation?” Or, on the other hand, does Ovid’s equating of the gods to authority figures represent his own search for understanding human nature?
The Fluidity of Authenticity
The concept of authenticity is often perceived as a static state, wherein an individual’s actions, beliefs, and values align consistently with their inner self. However, the exploration of divine epithets within mythology offers a different perspective, one that emphasizes the fluidity and dynamism inherent in authenticity. Just as gods in various religious traditions are represented by multiple epithets, each expressing a different facet of their identity and attributes, humans similarly navigate a multiplicity of identities and roles throughout their lives.
Jean-Paul Sartre, as a matter of fact, rejects the idea of a fixed, predetermined essence or identity for individuals, arguing instead that human existence is characterized by radical freedom and responsibility. In his work Being and Nothingness, Sartre famously asserts that “existence precedes essence,” meaning that individuals first exist as free agents and then define themselves through their actions and choices.
According to Sartre, authenticity involves embracing this freedom and taking responsibility for one’s choices, even in the face of uncertainty and ambiguity (re: Perseus and Medusa). Authenticity, in Sartrean terms, is not a static state but rather an ongoing process of self-definition and self-expression. Individuals must constantly negotiate and reevaluate their values, beliefs, and identities in light of their changing circumstances and experiences.
The fluidity of authenticity, as highlighted by divine epithets and thinkers like Sartre, suggests that authenticity is not a fixed destination but rather a journey of self-discovery and self-expression. Like gods who embody diverse aspects of existence through their epithets, humans traverse a complex landscape of identities, values, and beliefs, constantly negotiating and reevaluating their sense of self. The journey of authenticity involves constant negotiation and reevaluation of one’s values and beliefs, as individuals seek to align their actions with their innermost selves amidst the complexities of life. This process is not linear but rather recursive, characterized by periods of growth, introspection, and transformation. Just as gods are represented by multiple epithets, each expressing a different aspect of their divine nature, humans too embrace a diversity of identities and roles, each contributing to the richness and complexity of their authentic selves.
Authenticity and Relationality
The concept of authenticity is also inherently intertwined with relationality, as it is not solely an individual pursuit but emerges within the context of interpersonal relationships, whether it is with the divine or with other humans. The study of divine epithets sheds light on this relational nature of authenticity, as epithets serve as descriptors of divine attributes and functions that emerge within the dynamic interplay between gods and humans.
Epithets, by their very nature, are relational in that they depict the roles, qualities, and interactions of gods within the divine-human framework. For example, the epithet “Hermes Agoraios” originates from the agora, the bustling marketplace that served as a hub of economic and social activity in ancient Greek society. As a patron of commerce and social exchange, Hermes played a crucial role in facilitating trade and transactions, reflecting the economic and social dynamics of the time. The epithet “Agoraios” not only reflects Hermes’s multifaceted nature but also speaks to broader societal values and aspirations related to commerce, community, and social interaction.
Authenticity, therefore, involves not only the alignment between one's inner self and outward expression but also the recognition and validation of that authenticity by others.
Aristotle, a foundational figure in Western philosophy, explored the nature of human identity and virtue in his ethical treatises, particularly in his work Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle’s concept of eudaimonia, often translated as “happiness” or “flourishing,” emphasizes the importance of living in accordance with one’s true nature and fulfilling one's potential as a human being.
According to Aristotle, authenticity involves living virtuously and in accordance with one’s telos, or purpose. Each individual has a unique set of virtues and talents that contribute to their fulfillment and flourishing. Authenticity, in Aristotelian terms, is achieved when individuals cultivate and express these virtues in their actions and interactions with others.
However, Aristotle also emphasizes the importance of social relationships and the role of others in the cultivation of virtue and authenticity. In his concept of friendship (philia), Aristotle argues that genuine friendships are based on mutual recognition and affirmation of each other’s virtues and qualities. Friends serve as mirrors to one another, reflecting and validating each other’s authentic selves.
In this sense, authenticity involves not only the alignment between one’s inner self and outward expression but also the recognition and validation of that authenticity by others, particularly in the context of friendships and social relationships. Authenticity, in accordance with Aristotle’s teachings, is not a solitary endeavor but is cultivated and affirmed through meaningful connections with others who recognize and appreciate one's virtues and qualities.
Conclusion
In essence, the study of divine epithets offers a rich and nuanced framework for exploring the complexities of human existence. By unraveling the historical, cultural, and philosophical dimensions of divine epithets, we gain valuable insights into the nature of identity, self-expression, and relationality, illuminating new pathways for philosophical inquiry into the ongoing enigma of our authentic selves. As we continue to grapple with the intricacies of this notion, the exploration of divine epithets serves as a guiding light, inviting us to engage in meaningful dialogue and reflection on the essence of what it means to be authentically human.
Existentialism and Idealism in the Obsessed Artist Trope: The Role of Destruction in the Pursuit of Authenticity
A/N: this is long (2,455 words) and I’m sorry
Index
Introduction
Existentialism and the Obsessed Artist
Idealism and the Obsessed Artist
The Search for Authenticity
The Comfort in the Familiar Hurt
So... What Now?
Closing Words
Introduction
There is an odd sense of awe in losing one’s sanity for their passions… at least, that’s what characters like Nina Sayers (Black Swan) or Beth Harmon (The Queen’s Gambit) portray.
The Obsessed Artist trope is a prevalent motif in literature, art, and popular culture, depicting individuals consumed by their creative pursuits to the point of obsession. While this trope often romanticizes the notion of madness linked to genius, it also serves as a cautionary tale. The Obsessed Artist character often pays a heavy personal price for their single-minded pursuit of artistic perfection, sometimes culminating in self-destruction. The trope therefore underscores the potential dangers of obsession, illustrating how the relentless pursuit of an abstract ideal can lead to isolation, mental health issues, and even physical harm. Yet, despite these risks, the Obsessed Artist remains a figure of fascination, embodying the human struggle to create, express, and find meaning in a complex universe. Why is that?
In trying to unpack why I was so obsessed with the Obsessed Artist trope, I had to do a little digging into my own patterns. I realized that watching people deteriorate because of something they're passionate about is probably the epitome of tragedy, in my opinion; and it’s not because I like seeing people suffer. It’s more so because it’s cathartic, in a way.
I can see myself in them. That’s the easiest way to put it. I think of what I am passionate about and feel like it would never be enough for a number of factors. To dig a little deeper: I feel as though my work won’t be valid unless I’m hurt because of it, like there’s a semblance of pain that needs to be paid in order for something to be valuable.
Now, as it’s written, that’s not a healthy outlook; but, I thought, “But that’s normal, isn’t it? I mean, nothing worthwhile is ever easy.”
Existentialism and the Obsessed Artist
Now, I want to pose a scenario for anyone reading: If a golden chalice was on the opposite side of a rose bush, would you go through its thorns? And if you were to discover that there was nothing in that gold chalice, that it was left behind for a reason, what can you say about your pain then?
In one post, I talked about Kierkegaardian Despair and how Kierkegaard was an existentialist that talked about utilizing one’s own despair since despair is inevitable. I thought that answered the question as to why I believed I had to suffer in order to achieve things: existentialists argue that individuals must confront suffering and embrace it as an integral aspect of their journey towards authenticity and meaning. This does not necessarily mean seeking out suffering for its own sake but rather acknowledging its presence and learning from it in order to live more fully and authentically.
The trope of the Obsessed Artist often intersects with existentialist themes, particularly in its exploration of the relationship between passion, suffering, and creative expression. The Obsessed Artist archetype typically depicts individuals who are consumed by their artistic pursuits to the point of obsession, often sacrificing their personal well-being, relationships, and even sanity in the process.
From an existentialist perspective, the Obsessed Artist embodies the existential struggle to find meaning and authenticity through creative expression. The artist’s obsession with their craft can be seen as a manifestation of their quest for purpose and identity in a world devoid of inherent meaning. Suffering, whether self-imposed or external, becomes a central theme in the Artist’s journey, driving them to confront existential questions about the nature of existence, the value of their work, and the significance of their artistic vision. We’ll get to more on authenticity later.
To put it simply, perhaps the Artist chooses destruction, subconsciously or otherwise, in order to feel something about themselves. However, I still felt that something was missing.
Idealism and the Obsessed Artist
For me, the relation to the Obsessed Artist trope wasn’t too much in asserting my own agency and knowing myself as existentialist thinkers would say. There was something more, something that had to explain why I believed that “madness” was worth the goal, or why the goal required despair or pain.
In other words, “Perhaps the ‘why’ is answered in the ‘what.’” As in, what we are trying to create. Perhaps another reasoning behind the Obsessed Artist’s descent to madness and suffering is explained in what they are trying to produce. For example, going back to the Golden Chalice scenario, the Obsessed Artist allowed themselves to be cut by the thorn bushes because they wanted the chalice.
Once again, I looked into my own art. My writing projects and most of my art pieces, such as “Resemblance,” has a theme of connecting the mundane with the metaphysical. Idealism, as a philosophical perspective, posits that reality is fundamentally mental or spiritual in nature. It emphasizes the role of transcendent truths and spiritual insights in shaping human understanding and perception of reality.
From an idealist perspective, creative genius is seen as a manifestation of their ability to tap into higher forms of consciousness or reality. A creative’s heightened sensitivity to the world around them allows them to perceive and communicate truths that are inaccessible to others. This notion of genius is closely intertwined with the idealist belief in the existence of transcendent truths or spiritual insights that lie beyond the material world.
A/N: Even though I can resonate with this notion in a spiritual sense, this does not mean that one has to be religious or anything similar along those lines in order to comprehend it. One can still apply this connection to “transcendent truths or spiritual insights” in the sense of understanding other complex natures such as how human nature works or whatever one’s thoughts are about our connection with the universe and those around us
Idealism offers a nuanced understanding of the link between genius and madness by recognizing the Artist’s struggles as integral to their creative process. The Artist’s experiences of mental illness or psychological instability are not simply signs of pathology but are also seen as expressions of their heightened sensitivity and depth of perception. In this way, idealism provides a framework for appreciating the complexities of the Artist’s psyche and the role of mental health in shaping their artistic vision.
The Search for Authenticity
Now, what does it mean to search for authenticity and how does relate to the role of suffering in pursuit of purpose?
Existentialism
Existentialist thinkers such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Friedrich Nietzsche argue that individuals must confront the reality of their existence and make choices that align with their authentic selves.
For the Artist, authenticity plays a crucial role in their creative process and pursuit of their dreams. The Artist seeks to express their unique perspective, emotions, and experiences through their art, striving to create work that is genuine and reflective of their innermost self. This authenticity is not merely about artistic style or technique but extends to the Artist’s willingness to confront their own vulnerabilities, uncertainties, and struggles in their creative endeavors.
Suffering, within the context of authenticity, becomes a means through which the Artist asserts their individuality and autonomy. By embracing their experiences of pain, hardship, and adversity, the Artist affirms their authenticity and commitment to their artistic vision. Suffering becomes a testament to the Artist’s willingness to confront the complexities of existence and express themselves truthfully, even in the face of existential uncertainty.
Idealism
At the same time, in idealist philosophy, authenticity is often associated with aligning oneself with transcendent ideals or spiritual principles. The quest for authenticity involves seeking to live in harmony with these higher principles and values, rather than being driven solely by material desires or worldly concerns. Idealist thinkers argue that true authenticity lies in recognizing the ultimate reality of the spiritual realm and striving to live in accordance with its principles.
From this perspective, the Obsessed Artist's quest for authenticity may involve seeking to express and embody transcendent beauty, truth, or spiritual insight through their art. The Artist’s dedication to their craft and their willingness to confront their own psyche and emotions may be seen as manifestations of their quest to understand higher forms of consciousness or reality. Moreover, within idealism, authenticity may also involve a recognition of one’s own intrinsic worth and value as a spiritual being. The Artist’s pursuit of authenticity may therefore be intertwined with a deeper understanding of their own identity and purpose within the larger cosmic order.
Suffering does not have the same sense of inevitability in idealism as it does in existentialism, but idealist aspects can explain why suffering exists. In this trope, it may be used to channel into the Artist’s creative process as a means of expressing and grappling with existential questions, emotional turmoil, and spiritual insights. Art becomes a vehicle for transcending the limitations of individual suffering and connecting with universal themes of human experience, ultimately contributing to the search for authenticity both for the Artist and the audience. Perhaps I can write another post on literary devices that use idealist methods of transcending suffering; but, as this post deals with trying to understand why one can feel the need to suffer in order to have something valuable, it does not quite fit.
The Comfort in the Familiar Hurt
Alright, so perhaps I feel the need to suffer in order to validate my work because there is something authentic in that validity in comparison to art without pain. Whether it’s because there is a strong sense of self-awareness in recognizing suffering as a necessity or in that suffering is a tool that links the mundane with the metaphysical, I will subconsciously await that despair and pain while in pursuit of my own truths and happiness.
So, if the why behind the Obsessed Artist’s spiral is explained by the Artist’s attempt to physically represent their own psyche or mental health and how they view the world and/or their attempt to understand themselves amidst all of that, what does that say about destruction being a manifestation of those attempts?
For that, the answer seemed simple enough: it’s easier to destroy than to create.
After all, the Obsessed Artist destroys themselves, their relationships, their livelihood all in their attempt to create something. They seem to cause more harm to the point where it becomes second nature for the character for a number of reasons:
Catharsis and Release: Destruction can serve as a form of catharsis for the Artist, allowing them to release pent-up emotions, frustrations, and existential angst. The act of destroying their work or their surroundings may provide a temporary sense of relief from the pressures of creativity and the burdens of self-expression. By relinquishing control and succumbing to the chaotic force of destruction, the Artist may experience a momentary respite from the turmoil of their own psyche.
Escape from Perfectionism: The Obsessed Artist may struggle with perfectionism and an insatiable desire for artistic excellence. Destruction offers a way to escape from the relentless pursuit of perfection and the anxiety of never being able to live up to their own high standards. By destroying their work or sabotaging their efforts, the Artist can temporarily alleviate the pressure to create something flawless and unattainable, embracing imperfection and embracing the inherent chaos of existence.
Expression of Inner Turmoil: Through the act of destruction, the Artist externalizes their internal struggles and confronts the inherent contradictions and complexities of their own psyche. This outward expression of inner turmoil serves as a form of self-validation, allowing the Artist to confront their demons and make sense of their existential predicament through the medium of destruction.
Rebellion Against Conformity: The Obsessed Artist may rebel against societal norms and expectations, seeking to carve out their own path and assert their individuality in a world that often stifles creativity and authenticity. Destruction becomes a rebellious act of defiance, a way for the Artist to break free from the constraints of societal norms and expectations and assert their autonomy and independence. By destroying their own work or rejecting conventional notions of success, the Artist asserts their freedom to create on their own terms, even if it means embracing destruction as a form of creative expression.
The Artist becomes locked in a cycle of creating and destroying, each act serving as a manifestation of their ongoing quest for self-expression and existential understanding. The destruction wrought by the Artist extends beyond their artistic endeavors to encompass their relationships, livelihood, and ultimately, their own sense of self.
The belief that it is easier to destroy than to create reflects the Artist’s profound existential struggle and the overwhelming weight of their creative burden. The act of destruction becomes a coping mechanism, a way for the Artist to release pent-up emotions and navigate the complexities of their own psyche. Yet, paradoxically, this destructive impulse only serves to perpetuate the Artist’s suffering, trapping them in a cycle of despair and existential turmoil.
So… What Now?
Again, the Obsessed Artist is a cautionary tale. Hopefully, it’s not a person’s desire to emulate the behaviors shown in these characters. In fact, by learning from the Obsessed Artist and integrating these philosophical perspectives into our approach to art and self-expression, we can cultivate a healthier and more sustainable creative process.
Embrace Authenticity Without Self-Destruction
Recognize that authenticity in artistic expression does not necessitate self-destructive behavior. While existentialist themes may highlight the importance of confronting inner turmoil and existential angst, it’s crucial to find constructive outlets for these emotions rather than resorting to destructive habits. By channeling existentialist ideals of authenticity and self-awareness into positive and productive avenues, we can create art that is both genuine and nourishing to our well-being
Challenge Perfectionism
Challenge the notion of perfectionism and embrace the imperfections inherent in the creative process. Incorporate elements of idealist philosophy by recognizing the beauty and value of authenticity over flawless execution. Allow yourself the freedom to experiment, make mistakes, and learn from failures without succumbing to self-criticism or destructive habits. Embrace the journey of self-discovery and growth inherent in the creative process, rather than fixating on unattainable standards of perfection.
Closing Words
Ultimately, this engagement with the Obsessed Artist trope can potentially furnish us with a roadmap towards a more enlightened and fulfilling artistic vocation, one predicated upon the transcendence of personal limitations and the cultivation of a more profound artistic ethos. In so doing, we may embark upon a trajectory characterized by a fidelity to authenticity, an attunement to self-awareness, and a fortitude in the face of adversity.
Of course, these thoughts are just that: thoughts. All of this is merely my own attempt in understanding my fascination with aspects of literature, art, and life. You may resonate with it or disagree entirely or feel something in between.
Expectations: In Which Diverse Stories Have Extra Criteria
CW: mentions of racism, brutality, colonization, more of a vent post than anything informative
As much as I don’t like it, I feel as though the best way to start this off is to provide context on my own background. I’ll get to why I don’t like it in a moment, so bear with me. I’m a first generation born Filipino American. My parents are from Tarlac (and a DNA test shows that we also have lineage traced back to Northern and Western Philippines as well some Central & Eastern and Southern China), and they raised us in a semi-traditional Filipino fashion. They didn’t teach us the language in fear of us being made fun of by other Americans, but we did grow up eating the food, respecting our elders, and practicing Filipino Catholic traditions that my parents grew up with in their homeland.
Needless to say, the remarks that followed me into my adult life have pulled my resonance with my heritage in every which way. To other Filipinos and other Asians, I looked part white, and they would ask for pictures of my parents for “proof” that I wasn’t. True story: I remember one of my college friends grabbing my phone and showing her friends in an “I told you so” manner, as if my race was some mystery for them to crack. It wasn’t. I fully told them from the start that I’m Filipino. My Titas would tell me that I looked “mestiza,” and how many young girls in the Philippines would want to look the way I do, and I didn’t know how to explain to them that I started hating how pale I am because of how other Asians would assume my race because of it.
At the same time, my non-Asian counterparts (yes, majority of the people who made these comments were white) would assume that I was some hodge-podge of all Asian cultures. I remember my high school teacher showing us a Vietnamese medicine commercial (this was a class on medical malpractice, and, if I remember correctly, she wanted to show us how medicine is advertised internationally), and she walked into class saying, “The only one who might understand this clip is Rory.” She’d used my deadname at the time, but you get the idea. Jaw-dropped, I had to say, “I don’t speak Vietnamese. I’m not Vietnamese.”
I know, what does this have to do with writing? We’ll get there; don’t worry.
Around 2018, the term “decolonization” entered my realm of awareness. I would see other children of immigrants from all over the world dive into their heritage and continue their ancestors’ practices. Thinking that this would be a genuine way to connect with my roots (I had, and still have, a complicated relationship with the Catholic Church, so I was excited to hear about other Filipino faiths), I began doing my research. At the time, I had a sizable following on TikTok, and I would post entertainment-only sort of videos regarding my spirituality and craft, and I even had to put out a video explaining why I didn’t go into more detail with the Filipino aspects of it. I wasn’t as learned with it as I am now, and I was afraid of the criticism and backlash others would have towards it. In hindsight, I really shouldn’t have given a sh*t, but the internet, as we all know, is cruel.
See, I use my writing as a way to connect with myself and other people, mainly. Yes, I have a story to tell, but a majority of my purpose is to discover and process my own emotions and findings. I use what I observed in society and how I grew up as well as what I learned from my own research. I won’t go into detail of the racism Asian Americans face nor the brutality we have endured over the years; frankly, if you are not already aware of it, Google is free.
Still, my work seemed to be followed by one main criticism: this isn’t yours to tell.
There were a myriad of reasons behind it. I wasn’t born in the Philippines, I’m white-passing, I wasn’t raised with anitismo, other marginalized groups have it “exponentially” worse, etc. I’d be lying if I said this didn’t affect my writing. I froze. I grappled with what I was “allowed” to tell based on all of these criteria. I’d pull up article after article of what I learned in hopes to justify the reasons for including certain aspects in my work; but because of my own upbringing, it never seemed to be enough. What’s worse, a portion of these criticisms completely dismissed the aspects of racism that Asian Americans have spoken up about time and time again (once again, because other’s have it worse or because there just wasn’t enough awareness about it for it to be “valid.”)
Imagine that. We read of thousands of iterations of medieval fantasies from white authors, thousands of European fae romances, thousands of Greek mythological retellings, and treat it as the default. There is no question of whether the author is Greek or Gaelic enough or if their ancestors played a huge role during the medieval era. Hell, my first published work was based on Greek and Celtic mythology, and no one talked about my race then, whether it was about how white I look or how I'm not white at all.
But gods help us if a minority doesn’t fit the ultimate minority model while telling their stories. To be honest, this was why I started disliking the need to talk about my background; it has begun to feel as though it is more to provide credentials rather than to satiate genuine curiosity from other people.
Yes, I do recognize that I wasn’t born in the Philippines and that I was raised Catholic, but I’ve come to terms with how I feel like that is okay.
First of all, if we want to hear from more diverse writers, we cannot keep projecting this “model minority” expectation towards them. Otherwise, it will discourage other diaspora writers, such as myself, from connecting and relaying their heritage in fear of not being “[insert marginalized group here] enough,” whatever that even means at this point.
Secondly, our history is full of movement, whether it was by our own will, such as my parents’ decision to come to America, or if it was forced upon us by our oppressors. As such, those raised outside of their homeland only further enriches our culture, not dilutes it.
To filter the perspectives of or to project your own biases towards diaspora writers is to promote the narratives of the colonizers. We are valid, and our stories should be, too.
A Philosophy Behind Writer's Block: Valuing Despair
Unfortunately, it happened again where I went a little over a month without writing anything I was happy with. I would attempt to get some words down, remembering that even a little bit is progress; but, no matter what I did, everything just felt so dry and dull. Not only that, my stories felt like they were boring or just not worth it anymore. It was awful.
I tried everything that normally helped with getting over writer’s block. I’d try out different times to write, read other books for inspiration, focus on another hobby—still, it all felt like I was banging on a brick wall. That’s when I turned to my philosophy studies, as if there was some sort of deeper consciousness of an answer that would aid my issues.
Well, there was. The infamous Kierkegaardian Despair.
The Sickness unto Death
The Sickness unto Death is a book written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1849 under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus. A work of Christian existentialism, the book is about Kierkegaard’s concept of despair, which he equates with the Christian concept of sin, which he terms “the sin of despair.”
In Kierkegaard's work, despair arises from a fundamental disconnection from one’s true self and from God. He distinguishes between different forms of despair, including the despair of having a self and the despair of not wanting to be oneself.
Now, take what you will from the Christian existentialism part (I’m pagan, so I already had mixed opinions on many classic texts on God), but it doesn’t erase how the concept of despair can shed light on the underlying struggles that writers—at least, myself—may face.
It’s Never Just a Phase
Writer’s block can be seen as a manifestation of existential despair in which we feel disconnected from our creative essence or authentic self. This disconnection may stem from various sources, such as self-doubt, fear of failure, or a sense of alienation from one’s creative impulses. We may experience a profound sense of emptiness or meaninglessness, unable to access the inspiration and clarity needed to write.
Moreover, Kierkegaard’s notion of despair as a failure to align with one’s true self suggests that writer’s block may arise when our creative endeavors are driven by external motives or expectations rather than genuine inner inspiration. The pressure to produce work that meets societal standards or fulfills commercial demands can lead to a sense of existential disorientation and paralysis.
Don’t Just Overcome it. Value it.
If you resonate with Kierkegaard’s work, you will agree with his observation that we are always going to despair over something. It’s not about waiting for the tide to roll over or for the dry spell to ease up, but to examine our own self’s relation to what we are lamenting over. He writes:
“Despair is an aspect of the spirit, it has to do with the eternal in a person. But the eternal is something he cannot be rid of, not in all eternity… If there were nothing eternal in a man, he would simply be unable to despair… Having a self, being a self, is the greatest, the infinite, concession that has been made to man, but also eternity’s claim on him.”
Let’s break down the quote and explore how it can inform our approach to overcoming writer’s block:
Despair as an Aspect of the Spirit: Kierkegaard suggests that despair is not merely a psychological state but an aspect of the spirit, rooted in the eternal dimension of human existence. Kierkegaard’s conception of despair invites us to recognize the creative process as a site of existential tension and struggle.
Writer’s block is not merely a technical or practical obstacle to be overcome but a profound existential challenge that confronts us with the limitations of our finite selves and the aspirations of their creative spirit.
The Eternal in a Person: Kierkegaard asserts that despair is linked to the eternal within individuals, suggesting that it arises from a tension between the finite and the infinite aspects of human nature. The finite aspects encompass the temporal, material, and contingent dimensions of life, while the infinite aspects involve the eternal, transcendent, and spiritual dimensions. This tension is inherent in human consciousness and manifests in various forms of despair, such as the despair of weakness, the despair of defiance, and the despair of not willing to be oneself.
This tension between the finite and the infinite can be understood as the conflict between the limitations of our creative faculties and the boundless possibilities of imagination and expression. Writer’s block often emerges when the writer feels constrained by external pressures, self-doubt, or perfectionism, inhibiting their ability to access the infinite reservoir of creative inspiration within them.
Moreover, Kierkegaard’s concept of the finite and the infinite highlights the paradoxical nature of creativity. While the creative process involves the manipulation of finite materials—words, images, sounds—it also taps into something transcendent and ineffable, something that exceeds the boundaries of ordinary experience. Writer’s block can be seen as a manifestation of our struggle to bridge this gap between the finite and the infinite, to give form to the formless, and to articulate the inarticulable.
Having a Self as Eternity’s Claim: In Kierkegaard’s philosophy, the concept of “having a self” refers to the capacity for self-consciousness, self-reflection, and moral agency that distinguishes human beings from other creatures. It involves the awareness of one’s own existence as a distinct individual with thoughts, feelings, desires, and responsibilities. “Eternity’s claim” suggests that the existence of the self is not merely a temporal or transient phenomenon but is imbued with profound significance that extends beyond the confines of earthly life. The self, according to Kierkegaard, is intimately connected to the eternal dimension of human existence, reflecting the divine spark within each individual.
“Having a self as eternity’s claim” suggests that the act of creative expression is not merely a personal endeavor but is also a manifestation of the eternal striving for meaning and significance. Writers, as self-aware and self-conscious beings, bear a profound responsibility to give voice to their innermost thoughts and feelings, to explore the depths of human experience, and to contribute to the ongoing dialogue of humanity.
Embracing Existential Depth
So how do we value despair and overcome writer’s block in light of Kierkegaard’s insights? Writer’s block often extends beyond mere technical or practical challenges and can be rooted in deeper existential concerns. This involves grappling with questions of identity, purpose, and meaning in the creative process. By recognizing writer’s block as a reflection of these existential concerns, we can approach it as an opportunity for self-exploration and growth. Rather than viewing it solely as a barrier to productivity, we can use writer’s block as a catalyst for deeper introspection and self-discovery. This might involve journaling, meditation, or engaging in conversations with fellow writers or mentors to uncover underlying psychological or philosophical issues that may be contributing to the blockage. I have previously posted a blog on writing soliloquies. Embracing existential depth allows us to transform our struggles into sources of insight and inspiration, ultimately enriching our creative work.
There is a large aspect of accepting what you cannot control, another widely-known philosophical concept. Swimming against the current, after all, may prove to be more tiring than it’s worth. Instead, be kind to yourself and practice self-compassion during these moments. Understand that experiencing creative struggles is a normal part of the writing process and treat yourself with the same kindness and understanding you would offer to a friend facing similar challenges.
Seek social support. Reach out to fellow writers, friends, or mentors for support and encouragement. Sharing your struggles with others can help you gain perspective and feel less isolated in your creative journey, because, trust me, we have all been there.
Ensure that you are also setting realistic goals. All I would want to do was upkeep my 3k word/day momentum, but I would feel even worse about myself for being unable to do so. Break down your writing goals into smaller, more manageable tasks and set realistic deadlines for yourself. Celebrate small victories along the way to maintain motivation.
Finally, what has helped me the most, is to read widely. Immersing myself in diverse genres, styles, and voices provided so much insight into what I could be missing in my own work; or, it simply sparked my love of story-telling all over again.
Closing Words
Remember that writer’s block is a temporary obstacle that can be overcome with patience, persistence, and, apparently, a bit of philosophy. Where there is frustration, we will find insight.
