YEAH. this drives me fucking NUTS bc the term ghetto was first used in the 1500’s in venice to describe the neighborhood jews were forced to live in to keep them segregated from gentiles (mostly christians). there was another ghetto in rome. both of these were likely established when jewish populations in italy grew after the arrival of expelled sephardic jews escaping the inquisition.
here’s an excerpt about life in the roman ghetto from the wikipedia article:
Life in the Roman Ghetto was one of crushing poverty, due to the severe restrictions placed upon the occupations that Jews were allowed to perform. Roman Jews were allowed to work only at unskilled jobs, such as ragmen, secondhand dealers[6] or fish mongers. They were permitted to be pawnbrokers (which had been prohibited to Christians); and this activity excited the hatred of many Christians against them.
In the lottery game, they were allowed to bet only on low numbers (from 1 through 30), and all belonging to the same group of 10.[Note 3] In case of a draw of five numbers of that kind, the Romans said that on that day in the ghetto there was taking place a great feast.[7]
When Jews went outside the ghetto, the men had to wear a yellow cloth (the "sciamanno"), and the women a yellow veil (the same color worn by prostitutes).[6] During the feasts they had to amuse the Christians, competing in humiliating games. They had to run naked, with a rope around the neck, or with their legs closed into sacks. Sometimes they were also ridden by soldiers.[Note 4]
Jews had to petition annually for permission to live there. They paid a yearly tax for the privilege. Jews of Rome were required to swear yearly loyalty to the Pope at the Arch of Titus, which celebrates the Roman sack of Jerusalem of 70 CE. Each year, on the Campidoglio, the Rabbi had to pay homage to the chief of the city councillors ("Caporione"), receiving by him in exchange for it a kick to his bottom. This "ceremony" meant that the Jewish community had been allowed to stay one more year in Rome.[Note 5]
Every Saturday, the Jewish community was forced to hear compulsory sermons[Note 6] in front of the small church of San Gregorio a Ponte Quattro Capi, just outside the wall.[Note 7]
At the time of its construction, in the ghetto – as almost everywhere in Rome – there was no fresh water. However, some years later the Popes built several fountains in the rione. One fountain, designed by Giacomo della Porta, was to be placed in the Piazza Giudea, the site of a market, inside the ghetto, but Muzio Mattei used his influence to have the fountain, the Fontana delle Tartarughe (Turtle Fountain), located in the Piazza Mattei, in front of his residence.[Note 8][8][9][dubious – discuss]
As the Jewish community inside the ghetto grew, there was severe overcrowding. Since the area could not expand horizontally, the Jews built vertical additions to their houses, which blocked the sun from reaching the already dank and narrow streets.
The great number of people living in such a small area,[Note 9] together with the poverty of the population, caused terrible hygienic conditions. The district, lying very low and near the Tiber, was often flooded, and diseases like cholera and malaria were endemic. During the plague of 1656, 800 of the ghetto's 4,000 inhabitants died. In 1867, just three years before the abolition of the ghetto, there was a cholera epidemic.[4][10] Sant'Angelo, which was the smallest rione by area, also had the highest population density because of the presence of the ghetto.
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