In this article, Hardaker examines a corpus of posts from an equestrian discussion board to determine how CMC users define trolling in order to propose an academic definition of trolling. Identifying four themes in how users in this discussion board discuss trolls (deception, aggression, disruption, and success), the author next gives examples of posts to show how a troll should be defined as a CMC user who constructs the identity of sincerely wishing to be part of the group in question, but whose real intentions are to cause disruption and/or to trigger or exacerbate conflict for the purposes of their own amusement. Further exploring ways that this behavior can influence other users, Hardaker notes that trolling can be frustrated, thwarted, fail, or succeed depending on how users react, and calls for more research into impoliteness in CMC contexts.
The article begins with Hardaker identifying that little research investigates linguistic agression online as opposed to links to offline violence, and Hardaker argues that current terminology in the field of im/politeness doens’t cover the phenomenon of trolling. Outlining previous research on im/politeness and CMC, the author reviews definitions of impoliteness relevant to this study and describes a shift in this field from an emphasis on the structural properties of arguments and disputes to a focus on the pragmatic function and contexts of these utterances, but the term “troll” lacks a clear academic definition. Next, Hardaker defines ritual or mock impoliteness in Anglo-American culture as constructions where the form may contain features that a layperson could consider impolite, while the function is to reinforce closeness, affect, or group cohesion. Non-malicious impoliteness is an utterance that is performed without malice but which a speaker anticipates may cause offence anyway (but lacks malicious intent). Hearer-interpretation based forms of impoliteness are defined as resulting in an interpretation of impoliteness when none was intended (as in H is offended despite knowing speaker S didn’t mean it, or when H incorrectly interprets a S’s malicious intent). After reviewing further types of impoliteness, Hardaker summarizes that S intention and H interpetation are recurring issues in the definitions of these politenesses, and highlights other recent studies suggesting that hearers co-construct S’s intention through available evidence. Giving examples of posts where participants posit that others are acting like trolls, the author then shows that we are continually working from assumption, deduction, and premise as both S and H, consciously or otherwise, also assess their own and the other’s utterances, and attempt to reconstruct the assessments of their own behavior that the other has made. Hardaker next discusses how degree of being on-record can interplay with these intentions, noting that the more off-record an intent is the harder it is for a hearer to hold the speaker to account . Describing how the possibility of intentional or accidential deception is increased in CMC, the author ends this section by discussing the term “trolling” in popular media, describing previous studies where trollers have intentions of luring others into useless discussion, disseminating poor advice, delineating in-group/out-group membership, and posting incendiary content with the intent of provoking others into conflict. Hardaker next outlines the data: 2,000 posts from a corpus of an equestrian message board that were searched for the keyword “troll,” describing how four main themes emerged in these hits. In the first theme of deception, Hardaker uses examples of posts to show how most examples were users struggling to determine between fictional and real identities of other posters as trolls may have tried to pass themselves off as legitimate members of the board. In the next themes of aggression and disruption, the author uses examples to show how trollers were defined by users as undertaking in malicious behavior aimed at goading others into retaliating or at attention-seeking. In the next section on the theme of success, Hardeker describes how users appraised the degree of success of trollers, their quality, and how others responded to them, further defining “bites” as a demonstration by the respondent that he had unwittingly been deceived by the troller’s professed pseudo-intent and was unaware of her real intent. Overalls, users were found to turn the tables on trollers by making sport of trollers through the face-attacking strategy of talking about them as though they were non-existent. Finally, quoting Donath (1999) Hardaker suggests a group’s character will determine not only whether a troller is harmful to the individual or the community, but if the user is deemed a troller at all. In this concluding section, Hardaker notes why previous terms of impoliteness are ineffective due to the possibility of users gaining ludic entertainment from trolling. Ultimately, the author suggests that the definition of the term “troll” should be as follows: a CMC user who constructs the identity of sincerely wishing to be part of the group in question…but whose real intention(s) is/are to cause disruption and/or to trigger or exacerbate conflict for the purposes of their own amusement. Finally, the author notes that trolling can be frustrated (H correctly interprets a troller’s intent and doesn’t respond), thwarted (H identifies intent and responds in way to neutralize a troller;s success), fail (if H does not interpret the intent and is not provoked), or succeed (H deceived in intention and is provoked into responding sincerely). However, users can also mock troll, or undertake trolling with aim of enhancing group cohesion. Finally, Hardaker concludes that humans find entertainment in conflict, but CMC allows users to exercise aggression against other real humans with little risk of being held accountable or identified for their actions, so more study is needed on im/politeness in this area.
Just as Hardaker can take many users’ posts into account in creating an academic definition of trolling, this recipe takes your limited time into account by allowing you to make a delicious dish in no time at all, and in only one pot. The garlic, fresh parsley, and Parmesan all combine into a savory and rich pasta, much as Hardaker’s review of the many types of impoliteness combines into a thoughtful analysis of a unique type of CMC behavior. Good cooking!