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Functions In C Language: Passing Values, Calling Convention

In this post, I will describe Functions in C language, Passing Values Between Functions, Calling Convention, Return Type of Function, Call by Value and Call by Reference and Program Using Call by Reference.

What is a Function?

A function is a self-contained block of statements that does a task of some kind. Using a function is like hiring a person to do a specific job. Sometimes functions…

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Compilation, Assembling, Linking, Loading And Arrays In C

In this post, I will discuss about Compilation, Assembling, Linking, Loading, Program Using Array, Array Declaration, Accessing Elements of an Array, Entering Data into an Array, and Reading Data from an Array in C language.

Compilation:

Program is sent to compile, which takes the program and find the syntax errors in the expanded source code. Syntax error are shown in screen along with…

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Macros, #if, #elif, #undef, And #pragma Directives In C

In this post, I will describe about Macros with Arguments, Macros versus Functions, File Inclusion, Ways of writing #include Statement, #if and #elif Directives, #undef Directive, #pragma Directives, #pragma warn, build process and preprocessing in C language.

Macros with Arguments:

#include<stdio.h>

#define AREAOFCIRCLE(r) ( 3.14 *r *r )

void main( )

{

float r1 = 10.25, r2 =…

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Switch Statement, If-Else Ladder And Goto Keyword In C

In this post, I will describe about decision using switch control statement, Operation of switch statement, switch vs if-else ladder and the goto keyword in C Language.

Decision Using Switch statement:

The control statement that allows us to make a decision from the number of choices is called a switch, or more correctly a switch case- default, since these three keywords go together to make…

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While, For, Do-while Loop, Break And Continue Statement In C

In this post, I will describe flow chart for while loop with C program, for loop, operation of for loop, break statement, continue statement, do-while loop along with flow chart in C language.

The while Loop:

It is often the case in programming that you want to do something a fixed number of times. Perhaps you want to calculate gross salaries of ten different persons, or you want to convert…

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C Programming Basics: Constants, Variables & Instructions

In this post, I will discuss about basics and fundamentals of C Programming Language including Rules for constructing integer constants, Rules for constructing real constants, Rules for constructing constants, Rules for constructing variable names, Example of a C program, Steps to execute a C program, Three types of C instructions: Type declaration Instruction, Arithmetic Instruction, and Control…

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Principles of Congestion Control: Hop-By-Hop Choke Packets

In this post, I will discuss about General Principles of Congestion Control, Congestion Prevention Policies, Hop–by–Hop Choke Packets, and Load Shedding in Congestion Control.

What are the General Principles of Congestion Control?

Various problems in complex system, such as computer network, can be viewed from control theory point of view, with this approach all the solutions can be divided…

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Finite State Machine Verification Model And Petri Net Models

In this post, I will discuss about Finite State Machine Models Verification model, Petri Net Models, Petri net with two places and two transitions, A Petri net model for protocol 3, HDLC—High-Level Data Link Control verification model, Control field of an information frame, a supervisory frame, an unnumbered frame, The Data Link Layer in the Internet in Computer Networks.

What is Finite State…

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Sliding Window Protocols: One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol

Sliding Window Protocols:

In the Simple Protocol for noisy channel and Simplex Stop and Wait protocol, data frames will be transmitted are uni-directional. But actually data transmission should be bi-directional. Two separate communication channel and usage of one for simplex data traffic in different direction, can used for achieving complete duplex data transmission. We need to have two…

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Simplex Stop-And-Wait Protocol For Noisy Channel In Networks

In this post, I will discuss about A Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol and A Simplex Protocol for Noisy Channel in Computer Networks.

A Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol:

Even if we assume that the communication channel to be error free, the major hurdle that we have to deal is to prevent the sender from overloading receiver with data faster than the latter is able to process them. In a nutshell…

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Framing: Different Methods Of Frame Delimiter, Error Control

In this post, I will discuss about Framing, Different Methods of Frame Delimiter and Error Control in Framing in Computer Networks.

What is Framing?

In-order to provide service to network layer, data link layer should use the service that are available and which is provided by physical layer. Physical layer accepts the raw bit stream which will be highly improbable that it will be error…

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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) And 3G Mobile Phones

In this post, I will discuss about Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), 3-G Mobile Phones-Digital Voice and Data, Frequency Allocation in cable TV system used for internet access, Comparison of ADSL vs Cable, Data Link Layer Design Issues, Relationship between packets and frames and How Services Provided to the Network Layer.

What is CDMA?

Code Division Multiple Access is abbreviated as…

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Frequency, Wavelength And Time Division Multiplexing

In this post, I will discuss about Frequency Division Multiplexing, Wavelength Division Multiplexing, Time Division Multiplexing, T1 carrier (1.544 Mbps), Delta Modulation, Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, Difference between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching, comparison of circuit-switched and packet-switched networks, GSM, and GSM uses 124 frequency channels, each of which uses an…

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Very Small Aperture Terminals And Telephone System Structure

In this post, I will discuss about Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT), VSATs using a hub, Comparison between Satellite Communication VS Fiber (terrestrial) Communications, Structure of Telephone System, A typical circuit route for a medium-distance call, Digital Subscriber Line, Bandwidth versus distance over category 3 UTP for DSL, and A typical ADSL equipment configuration in Computer…

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Electromagnetic Spectrum, Radio And Microwave Transmission

In this post, I will discuss about Comparison of Fiber Optics and Copper Wire, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Radio Transmission, Microwave Transmission, Use of Infrared and Millimeter Waves in Communication, Advantage of light wave (Laser) transmission in communication and Use of Geostationary Satellite Communication.

Comparison of Fiber Optics and Copper Wire:

Fiber optics is having many…

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Data Transfer In Computer Networks - Coaxial, Fiber Cables

Data Transfer In Computer Networks – Coaxial, Fiber Cables

In this post, I will discuss about Wireless LAN 802.11, Importance of Magnetic Media in data transfer, Role of Twisted Pair application in Data Transfer, Coaxial Cable, Fiber Optics cables, Transmission of Light through Fiber and Types of Fiber Cables.

Wireless LAN 802.11

When computers came into existence it was perception of many people was that their computers will be connected to…

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Architecture Of Internet, Ethernet And ATM Reference Model

In this post, I will discuss about Architecture of the Internet, Connection Oriented Networks: X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM, Asynchronous Transfer Mode, ATM reference Model, and Architecture of Ethernet.

Architecture of the Internet:

When a Client makes a call to its ISP (Internet Service Provider) on a dial-up telephone line, then modem which is attached to personal computer converts the…

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