Write more Deaf characters!
[Large Text: Write more Deaf characters!]
When answering questions about deaf and hard of hearing characters, I have noticed they are overwhelmingly about:
A character who is deaf in one ear or hard of hearing because of an accident
A character who was born deaf and knows sign language, but seems to have 0 connection to the broader Deaf community
This is not the experience of most d/Deaf people! So, here's your primer to Deaf community and culture, and writing a Deaf character, because they are sorely underrepresented.
(Disclaimer: this post was written using viewpoints I, a singular Deaf person in the United States, have encountered. I tried to make this as general as possible to encompass many Deaf views, but it is possible that I have misconstrued something. Do not take this guide as the be-all and end-all of your knowledge on Deaf culture. Keep reading and researching the Deaf community, and explore viewpoints from many different Deaf people of all backgrounds.)
A few points from observation in Australian Deaf people.
Fingerspelling is very common. Very common. While those who are fluent will get around a lot by using signs, there are variations of types of signing. For instance, i know one Deaf person who will avoid fingerspelling at all costs, and when she has to, she commonly gets confused about if she spelled it right or not, because it is based in her second language (English). However, another person i know is 5th (?) generation Deaf, and his dad, obviously also Deaf. This family all grew up signing. However, they LOVE fingerspelling. So much fingerspelling. Half the time i will be learning new signs from the first person, and the second person, who spells a lot, will be learning at the same time, or his son, in a different conversation will ask what signs were used for a word, because he just spells it.
Part of this comes from the different types communication for Deaf people. For a long time, oralism was the only allowed method of communication. However, as this started to be changed, there were different methods of communication. Sign languages are proper languages with different grammar structures and names (in Australia it's Auslan). However, this means that it has less input from hearing people, and that there are also versions of sign language such as Signed English. This borrows a lot of signs from the sign language of the area (in this case Auslan), but where the sentence "i brought milk at the shop" would become more like "shop, buy milk" in Auslan, Signed English keeps the grammar of English and so has a lot of 'filler' type signs such as 'at' and 'the', from this sentence, which would be ignored in Auslan and probably other sign languages as well (won't pretend to know any enough to say). So, for older signers, there is the potential that there will be large changes in how they sign. An Auslan user will likely understand a Signed English user, and i think? the same the other way around. HOWEVER!! An ASL user would NOT understand, as it uses signs from Australian sign language, Auslan.
Obviously, i only know from Australia, and this Signed English type of thing might not happen. But there is a lot of variation!
All good points! I'm definitely coming from an American perspective, so it's always nice to hear from Deaf people around the world :) [smile face]
ASL has a variation called "Signed Exact English" too, that uses ASL signs but spoken English grammar! ASL drops a lot of those filler words as well.
And I agree I did understate the commonality of fingerspelling, I spell for clarification/specificity a lot, but I have met too many people who think that they can just fingerspell whole sentences and that means they "know sign language", unfortunately.
To respond to some other thoughts I saw in the notes:
The majority of Deaf people will be cool with you being a part of the Deaf community if you learn sign language and Deaf culture and engage with them. Most people aren't super exclusive about it. You may find some people who do gatekeep, but yes, they are not the majority opinion.
And yes, Deaf Space is generally more accessible! I've found other accessibility in the Deaf community way easier than in the hearing world. This is partly due to Deaf Space design and accommodations, but also I believe there is higher instance of disability among deaf people--a lot of conditions have deafness or hearing loss as a part of it!
Mod Rock
In Spanish Sign Language, fingerspelling is not very frequent at all. It's only used when you don't know a sign or there isn't a standard sign for something (but it's often created on the go after fingerspelling).
Older people (over 60? More or less) went to Deaf Boarding Schools. They can tell to which school you went because of your accent when signing to the point that there was one school segregated by sex in Madrid and even now, the men still sign different from the women of the same school. Not all deaf people went to these schools and those who didn't, even if they ended in a Deaf people association or other Deaf communities, tend to have certain levels of language deprivation (I have met a very old man who had almost no language whatsoever, he copied very well and communicated quite well but he knew very basic signs and relied on a friend to help him follow conversation or instructions, he was quite intelligent though). This is more frequent in people of a certain age from villages or other isolated areas.
Because of this, the levels of access to knowledge and education vary in different generations. Deaf people who are now retired tend to have very little access to the hearing world, and I don't know any with higher education (they cannot really read oral Spanish, some can understand words but not full sentences and the like). Deaf people in their 50s-60s can understand WhatsApp messages and follow subtitles but don't really read books or news. They can have some vocational training or other hands on education and therefore, access to better jobs. Younger people (40 or younger) have more access to various levels of education (I have met some with University degrees). However, even those with University degrees can't write oral Spanish well and sometimes struggle to understand specific types of language. Even if they read books, they may have difficulties with technical texts, for instance.
Deaf people of hearing families often complain that their family never bothered to learn sign language. This is still happening.
Right now, there are bilingual schools. They are called centros de integración and can be more or less bilingual but they all must have signing teachers and interpreters and several adaptations, specially if most teachers are hearing and non signers. If that is not a possibility (say, deaf student in a rural area), an interpreter must be provided. Now, there is a deficit of interpreters, they are poorly paid and they may be needed in different schools so maybe that student has some classes with no interpreter but, legally, that child must have an interpreter certain hours a day.
Interpreters are rarely hired by the government or local institutions, they are often hired by associations who offer their services to the government and the Deaf people. It's a mess. I interned briefly at one in Madrid and I left as soon as I could.
As for what in English is called "Signed Exact English", I think in Spain it may be called called "Bimodal". You sign strictly following Spanish grammar and adding signs that would never be there in LSE (like the verb "to be" or prepositions). This has been criticized and discredited as a tool to teach Deaf children oral Spanish so, while it may be used at times still, it's less frequent. It may be used for very concrete sentences in specific contexts but Deaf people and experts in education have been asking for it to stop being used in schools.
I have watched videos of ASL and it seems to me that either they were using this Signed Exact English or ASL is closer to English (syntactically) than LSE is to Spanish. No Spanish signers would sign following oral Spanish in any way, Deaf people even write in LSE syntax and grammar. I have seen some interpreters speak Spanish and sign LSE but the oral Spanish was always off and fell into the LSE. It was used as a tool to help hearing people follow along a conversation. It would be impossible to speak two different languages at the same time.

























